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Birinci Basamak Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Kültürel Yeterlilik Ölçeği Geliştirme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2, 429 - 450, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0043

Öz

Kültürel yeterliğe sahip olan sağlık profesyonelleri, sağlık hizmetlerinin kalitesini iyileştirmede önemlidir. Birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinde multidisipliner ekibin kültürel yeterliliğini değerlendiren bir ölçüm aracının literatürdeki eksikliği dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Perng ve Watson (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Hemşire Kültürel Yeterlilik Ölçeği’ni uyarlayarak Birinci Basamak Sağlık Çalışanları için Kültürel Yeterlilik Ölçeği (BBSÇ-KYÖ) geliştirmek ve Türkiye’de birinci basamak sağlık profesyonellerinin kültürel yeterliliğini etkileyen çeşitli faktörleri incelemektir. Bu çalışmaya aile hekimi, aile sağlığı hemşiresi ve Toplum Sağlığı Merkezi’nde çalışan sağlık profesyonelleri olmak üzere 231 sağlık profesyoneli katılmıştır. Yürütülen madde analizinde maddelerin toplam puanla olan korelasyonlarının .60 ile .82 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda toplam varyansın %73.5'ini açıklayan üç faktörlü bir yapı ortaya çıkmıştır. BBSÇ-KYÖ'nün 1-8 maddeleri “Kültürel Beceri”, 9-16 maddeleri “Kültürel Bilgi” ve 17- 20 maddeleri “Kültürel Duyarlılık” olarak isimlendirilen faktörler altında yer almıştır. Cronbach Alpha katsayıları toplam puan için .84, faktörler için ise sırasıyla .78, .76 ve .87 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayırt edici geçerlik için katılımcıların deneyimleri gruplandırılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Farklı bir dil konuşabilen, farklı kültürden arkadaş ve komşuyla daha sık iletişime geçen ve farklı kültürlere yönelik hizmet vermeyle ilgili eğitim alan birinci basamak sağlık profesyonellerinin kültürel yeterliliğinin daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Bunların yanı sıra, göçmenler ve mültecilerle çalışmaktan memnun olduğunu belirten tüm birinci basamak sağlık profesyonellerinin BBSÇ-KYÖ puanlarının belirgin derecede yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, BBSÇ-KYÖ’nün birinci basamak sağlık çalışanlarının kültürel yeterliliğini değerlendirmede kullanılabilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca ölçek, bireye, aileye ve topluma sağlık hizmet sunumu gerçekleştiren tüm profesyoneller için de klinik alanda kullanıma uygundur.

Kaynakça

  • Baldwin, D. M. (2003). Disparities in health and health care: Focusing efforts to eliminate unequal burdens. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 8(1), 2.
  • Beach, M. C., Price, E. G., Gary, T. L., Robinson, K. A., Gozu, A., Palacio, A., ... Cooper, L. A. (2005). Cultural competence: A systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Medical Care, 43(4), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000156861.58905.96
  • Cai, D., Kunaviktikul, W., Klunklin, A., Sripusanapan, A., & Avant, P. K. (2017). Developing a cultural competence inventory for nurses in China. International Nursing Review, 64(2), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12350
  • Campinha-Bacote, J. (2002). The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services: A Model of Care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003003
  • Cerezo, P. G., Galceran, M. S., Soriano, M. G., Camps, L. M., & Moral, Jm. L. (2014). Design and Evaluation of an Educational Course in Cultural Competence for Nursing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132, 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.308
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. London: Routledge.Cruz, J. P., Alquwez, N., Cruz, C. P., Felicilda-Reynaldo, R. F. D., Vitorino, L. M., & Islam, S. M. S. (2017). Cultural competence among nursing students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Nursing Review, 64(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12370
  • Cruz, J. P., Estacio, J. C., Bagtang, C. E., & Colet, P. C. (2016). Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 46, 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001
  • Cruz, J. P., Machuca Contreras, F. A., Ortiz López, J. E., Zapata Aqueveque, C. A., & Vitorino, L. M. (2018). Psychometric assessment of the cultural capacity scale Spanish version in Chilean nursing students. International Nursing Review, 65(2), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12388
  • Downing, R., Kowal, E., & Paradies, Y. (2011). Indigenous cultural training for health workers in Australia. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 23(3), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzr008
  • Erdoğan, S., Nahcı̇van, N. Ö., & Esin, M. N. (2014). Hemşirelikte araştırma süreç, uygulama ve kritik [Nursing research: process, practice and critical]. İstanbul: Nobel Medical Bookstores.
  • Erkuş, A. (2007). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarında karşılaşılan sorunlar. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 13(40), 17-25.
  • Gallagher, R. W., & Polanin, J. R. (2015). A meta-analysis of educational interventions designed to enhance cultural competence in professional nurses and nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 35(2), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.10.021
  • Gozum, S., & Aydın, I. (2004). Validation evidence for Turkish adaptation of Champion’s Health Belief Model Scales. Cancer Nursing, 27(6), 491–498.
  • Gozum, S., Tuzcu, A., & Kirca, N. (2016). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Nurse Cultural Competence Scale. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27(5), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659615582089
  • Hayran, M., & Hayran, M. (2011). Sağlık araştırmaları için temel istatistik. Ankara: Omega Araştırma Organizasyon Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd. Şti.
  • International Organization for Migration ([IOM], 2018). IOM Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.turkey.iom.int/migration-turkeyInternational Refugee Rights Association ([IRRA], 2018). Number of syrian refugees in Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.umhd.org.tr/2018/04/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-multeci-sayisi-20-bin-artti/ (in Turkish)
  • Jeffreys, M. R. (2000). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool: A synthesis of findings. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 11(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365960001100207
  • Karaman, H., Atar, B., & Aktan ÇD. (2017). Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde kullanılan faktör çıkartma yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması [The comparison of factor extraction methods used in exploratory factor analysis]. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(3), 1173 – 1193.
  • Loftin, C., Hartin, V., Branson, M., & Reyes, H. (2013). Measures of cultural competence in nurses: An integrative review. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/289101
  • Meydanlioglu, A., Arikan, F., & Gozum, S. (2015). Cultural sensitivity levels of university students receiving education in health disciplines. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 20(5), 1195–1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-015-9595-z
  • Papadopoulos, I. (2006). Transcultural health and social care (1st Ed). England: Churchill Livingstone.
  • Perng, S. J., & Watson, R. (2012). Construct validation of the Nurse Cultural Competence Scale: A hierarchy of abilities. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(11–12), 1678–1684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03933.x
  • Public Health. (2011). Quad council public health nursing competencies. Retrieved from: http://www.phf.org/resourcestools/Pages/Public_Health_Nursing_Competencies.aspx
  • Repo, H., Vahlberg, T., Salminen, L., Papadopoulos, I., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2017). The cultural competence of graduating nursing students. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28(1), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659616632046
  • Rew, L., Becker, H., Cookston, J., Khosropour, S., & Martinez, S. (2003). Measuring cultural awareness in nursing students. The Journal of Nursing Education, 42(6), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20140122-01
  • Shen, Z. (2015). Cultural competence models and cultural competence assessment instruments in nursing: A literature review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26(3):308-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659614524790
  • Tanrıverdi, G. (2016). Hemşirelerde kültürel yeterli yaklaşımın önemi [The importance of culturally competence approach in nurses]. C. Ülker and H. İ. Birkök (Ed.), Hemşirelerde kültürel yeterliliği geliştirme yaklaşım ve önerileri içinde (pp. 7–15). Çanakkale: Pozitive Basım Yayın.
  • Truong, M., Paradies, Y., & Priest, N. (2014). Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: A systematic review of reviews. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-99
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. ([TSI], 2018). Population and demography. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=kategorist (in Turkish)
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. ([TSI], 2019). International migration statistics, 2018. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30711 (in Turkish)
  • Turkish Medical Association (2014). Syrian refugees and health services report. Retrieved from http://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/siginmacirpr.pdf
  • Yağmur, Y., &, Aytekin, S. (2018). Mülteci kadınların üreme sağlığı sorunları ve çözüm önerileri [Refugee women’s reproductive health issues and suggested solutions]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 11(1), 56–60.

Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2, 429 - 450, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0043

Öz

Culturally competent healthcare professionals are important in improving the quality of health care. The lack of a measurement tool in the literature that evaluates the cultural competence of the multidisciplinary team in primary health care is noteworthy. The aim of this study is to develop a Primary Health Care Professionals’ Cultural Competency Scale (PHCP-CCS) by adapting the Nurse Cultural Competency Scale (NCCS) developed by Perng and Watson (2012), and to examine the various factors affecting cultural competency in Turkey. A total of 231 health professionals, including family doctors, family health nurses and community health professionals, participated in this study. In the item analysis, the correlations of the items with the total score varied between .60 and 82. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure that explained 73.5% of total variance. Items 1-8 of the PHCP-CCS were included under the heading “Cultural Skills,” items 9-16 under “Cultural Knowledge” and items 17-20 under “Cultural Sensitivity.” Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the overall scale was .84 and was calculated as .78, .76 and .87 for the respective factors. The experiences of the participants were grouped and compared for discriminant validity. It was found that being able to speak different languages, having contact with friends and neighbors from different cultures, and being educated about serving people from various cultures increased the cultural competency of primary health professionals. In addition, the PHCP-CCS scores of all the primary health professionals who were happy to be working with migrants and refugees were considerably higher. The results show that PHCP-CCS is a measurement tool that can be used to determine cultural competency among primary health care workers. In addition, the scale is also suitable for use in the clinical field for all professionals providing health services to the individual, families and the community.

Kaynakça

  • Baldwin, D. M. (2003). Disparities in health and health care: Focusing efforts to eliminate unequal burdens. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 8(1), 2.
  • Beach, M. C., Price, E. G., Gary, T. L., Robinson, K. A., Gozu, A., Palacio, A., ... Cooper, L. A. (2005). Cultural competence: A systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Medical Care, 43(4), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000156861.58905.96
  • Cai, D., Kunaviktikul, W., Klunklin, A., Sripusanapan, A., & Avant, P. K. (2017). Developing a cultural competence inventory for nurses in China. International Nursing Review, 64(2), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12350
  • Campinha-Bacote, J. (2002). The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services: A Model of Care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003003
  • Cerezo, P. G., Galceran, M. S., Soriano, M. G., Camps, L. M., & Moral, Jm. L. (2014). Design and Evaluation of an Educational Course in Cultural Competence for Nursing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132, 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.308
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. London: Routledge.Cruz, J. P., Alquwez, N., Cruz, C. P., Felicilda-Reynaldo, R. F. D., Vitorino, L. M., & Islam, S. M. S. (2017). Cultural competence among nursing students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Nursing Review, 64(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12370
  • Cruz, J. P., Estacio, J. C., Bagtang, C. E., & Colet, P. C. (2016). Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 46, 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001
  • Cruz, J. P., Machuca Contreras, F. A., Ortiz López, J. E., Zapata Aqueveque, C. A., & Vitorino, L. M. (2018). Psychometric assessment of the cultural capacity scale Spanish version in Chilean nursing students. International Nursing Review, 65(2), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12388
  • Downing, R., Kowal, E., & Paradies, Y. (2011). Indigenous cultural training for health workers in Australia. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 23(3), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzr008
  • Erdoğan, S., Nahcı̇van, N. Ö., & Esin, M. N. (2014). Hemşirelikte araştırma süreç, uygulama ve kritik [Nursing research: process, practice and critical]. İstanbul: Nobel Medical Bookstores.
  • Erkuş, A. (2007). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarında karşılaşılan sorunlar. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 13(40), 17-25.
  • Gallagher, R. W., & Polanin, J. R. (2015). A meta-analysis of educational interventions designed to enhance cultural competence in professional nurses and nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 35(2), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.10.021
  • Gozum, S., & Aydın, I. (2004). Validation evidence for Turkish adaptation of Champion’s Health Belief Model Scales. Cancer Nursing, 27(6), 491–498.
  • Gozum, S., Tuzcu, A., & Kirca, N. (2016). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Nurse Cultural Competence Scale. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27(5), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659615582089
  • Hayran, M., & Hayran, M. (2011). Sağlık araştırmaları için temel istatistik. Ankara: Omega Araştırma Organizasyon Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd. Şti.
  • International Organization for Migration ([IOM], 2018). IOM Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.turkey.iom.int/migration-turkeyInternational Refugee Rights Association ([IRRA], 2018). Number of syrian refugees in Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.umhd.org.tr/2018/04/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-multeci-sayisi-20-bin-artti/ (in Turkish)
  • Jeffreys, M. R. (2000). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool: A synthesis of findings. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 11(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365960001100207
  • Karaman, H., Atar, B., & Aktan ÇD. (2017). Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde kullanılan faktör çıkartma yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması [The comparison of factor extraction methods used in exploratory factor analysis]. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(3), 1173 – 1193.
  • Loftin, C., Hartin, V., Branson, M., & Reyes, H. (2013). Measures of cultural competence in nurses: An integrative review. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/289101
  • Meydanlioglu, A., Arikan, F., & Gozum, S. (2015). Cultural sensitivity levels of university students receiving education in health disciplines. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 20(5), 1195–1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-015-9595-z
  • Papadopoulos, I. (2006). Transcultural health and social care (1st Ed). England: Churchill Livingstone.
  • Perng, S. J., & Watson, R. (2012). Construct validation of the Nurse Cultural Competence Scale: A hierarchy of abilities. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(11–12), 1678–1684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03933.x
  • Public Health. (2011). Quad council public health nursing competencies. Retrieved from: http://www.phf.org/resourcestools/Pages/Public_Health_Nursing_Competencies.aspx
  • Repo, H., Vahlberg, T., Salminen, L., Papadopoulos, I., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2017). The cultural competence of graduating nursing students. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28(1), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659616632046
  • Rew, L., Becker, H., Cookston, J., Khosropour, S., & Martinez, S. (2003). Measuring cultural awareness in nursing students. The Journal of Nursing Education, 42(6), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20140122-01
  • Shen, Z. (2015). Cultural competence models and cultural competence assessment instruments in nursing: A literature review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 26(3):308-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659614524790
  • Tanrıverdi, G. (2016). Hemşirelerde kültürel yeterli yaklaşımın önemi [The importance of culturally competence approach in nurses]. C. Ülker and H. İ. Birkök (Ed.), Hemşirelerde kültürel yeterliliği geliştirme yaklaşım ve önerileri içinde (pp. 7–15). Çanakkale: Pozitive Basım Yayın.
  • Truong, M., Paradies, Y., & Priest, N. (2014). Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: A systematic review of reviews. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-99
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. ([TSI], 2018). Population and demography. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=kategorist (in Turkish)
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. ([TSI], 2019). International migration statistics, 2018. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30711 (in Turkish)
  • Turkish Medical Association (2014). Syrian refugees and health services report. Retrieved from http://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/siginmacirpr.pdf
  • Yağmur, Y., &, Aytekin, S. (2018). Mülteci kadınların üreme sağlığı sorunları ve çözüm önerileri [Refugee women’s reproductive health issues and suggested solutions]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 11(1), 56–60.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sebahat Gözüm Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8672-8016

Ayla Tuzcu Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1291-7970

Seher Yurt 0000-0001-9972-3273

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gözüm, S., Tuzcu, A., & Yurt, S. (2020). Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals. Studies in Psychology, 40(2), 429-450. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0043
AMA Gözüm S, Tuzcu A, Yurt S. Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals. Studies in Psychology. Eylül 2020;40(2):429-450. doi:10.26650/SP2019-0043
Chicago Gözüm, Sebahat, Ayla Tuzcu, ve Seher Yurt. “Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals”. Studies in Psychology 40, sy. 2 (Eylül 2020): 429-50. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0043.
EndNote Gözüm S, Tuzcu A, Yurt S (01 Eylül 2020) Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals. Studies in Psychology 40 2 429–450.
IEEE S. Gözüm, A. Tuzcu, ve S. Yurt, “Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals”, Studies in Psychology, c. 40, sy. 2, ss. 429–450, 2020, doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0043.
ISNAD Gözüm, Sebahat vd. “Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals”. Studies in Psychology 40/2 (Eylül 2020), 429-450. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0043.
JAMA Gözüm S, Tuzcu A, Yurt S. Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals. Studies in Psychology. 2020;40:429–450.
MLA Gözüm, Sebahat vd. “Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals”. Studies in Psychology, c. 40, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 429-50, doi:10.26650/SP2019-0043.
Vancouver Gözüm S, Tuzcu A, Yurt S. Developing a Cultural Competency Scale for Primary Health Care Professionals. Studies in Psychology. 2020;40(2):429-50.

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680