Identification of Sainfoin Species (Onobrycis spp.) from Morphologic Characters and Flower Colour by Lab, RGB and HSV Colours by Principle Component Analysis

Abstract

The aim of this study, to determine similarities/dissimilarities of Onobrycis species for morphologic characters (flower diameter, days to flowering, main stem length and width, number of stem, leaflet length and width), and colour values (L, a, b, R, G, B, H, S and V) by using principle component analysis. Plant materials, belonging to Onobrycis species; Onobrychis hypargyrea Boiss. (O₁), Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (O₂), Onobrychis montana subsp. cadmea P.W.Ball (O₃), Onobrychis armena Boiss. (O₄), Onobrychis gracilis Besser (O₅), Onobrycis hajastana Grossh. (O₆), Onobrychis lasiostachya Boiss. (O₇)_, Onobrychis oxyodonta Boiss. (O₈) and Onobrychis podperae Širj. (O₉) were collected from different locations (grassland, arable area and forest area) in Eskişehir province. According to these explanations; morphologic characters, main stem length, leaflet width and days to flowering; Lab colours, L and b; RGB colours, R and B, HSV colours, H and S were determined as best contributors. Onobrychis species, O₃, O₄ and O₉; morphologic characters, main stem length and width leaflet length and width; colours; L, b, R, B S and V were determined as stabile species/characters. Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (O₂) with Onobrycis hajastana Grossh. (O₆) and Onobrychis montana subsp. cadmea P.W.Ball (O₃) with Onobrychis lasiostachya Boiss. (O₇) were found as similar species.

Keywords

• Onobrycis spp.,fodder crops,morphologic characters,Lab,RGB,HSV colours,principal component analysis

Korunga Türlerinin (Onobrychis ssp.) Morfolojik Özellikler ve Çiçek Renklerinin Lab, RGB ve HSV Renk Değerlerinin Ana Bileşenler Analizi Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, korunga türlerinin morfolojik karakterler (çiçek çapı, çiçeklenme gün sayısı, ana gövde uzunluğu ve genişliği, gövde sayısı, yaprakçık uzunluğu ve genişliği), renk değerleri (L, a, b, R, G, B, H, S ve V) kullanılarak ana bileşenler analizi yardımıyla korunga türlerinin benzerlik/farklılıklarını belirlemektir. Bitki materyali olarak Eskişehir ilinin değişik lokayonlarından (otlaklar, eilebilir alanlar ve orman alanları)  farklı korunga türelerine ait bitkiler (Onobrychis hypargyrea Boiss. (O₁), Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (O₂), Onobrychis montana subsp. cadmea P.W.Ball (O₃), Onobrychis armena Boiss. (O₄), Onobrychis gracilis Besser (O₅), Onobrycis hajastana Grossh. (O₆), Onobrychis lasiostachya Boiss. (O₇)_, Onobrychis oxyodonta Boiss. (O₈) and Onobrychis podperae Širj. (O₉) toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; morfolojik karakterler, (ana gövde uzunluğu, yaprakçık genişliği ve çiçeklenme gün sayısı; Lab renk değerleri L ve b; RGB renk değerleri, R ve B, HSV renk değerleri, H ve S korunga türlerinin benzerlik/farklılıklarının belirlenmesine en iyi katkıda bulunan usnurlar olarak belirlenmiştir. Korunga türleri, O₃, O₄ ve O₉; morfolojik karakterler, ana gövde uzunluğu ve genişliği,  yaprakçık uzunluğu ve genişliği; renkler; L, b, R, B S ve V stabil unsurlar olarak ortaya konmuştur.  Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (O₂) ile Onobrycis hajastana Grossh. (O₆), and Onobrychis montana subsp. cadmea P.W.Ball (O₃) ile Onobrychis lasiostachya Boiss. (O₇) benzer türler olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Korunga türleri (Onobrycis spp.),yem bitkileri,morfolojik karakterler,Lab,RGB,HSV renk değerleri,ana bileşenler analizi

References

1. Açıkgöz E. 2001. Forages. Uludağ Univ. Fac. of Agric. Publication Bursa.
2. Aktoklu E. 2001. Two New Varieties and a New Record in Onobrychis from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 25: 359-363.
3. Anonymous. 2001. Legume forages. Technical Regulation of Agricultural Value Measurement Trials. Turkish State Ministry of Agriculture. Centre of seed registry and certification.
4. Arslan E, Ertugrul K. 2010. Genetic relationships of the genera Onobrychis, Hedysarum, and Sartoria using seed storage proteins. Turkish Journal of Botany, 34:67-73.
5. Avcıoğlu R, Soya H, Açıkgöz E, Tan A. 2000. Forage crops production. Turkey Agriculture Enginnering 5th Technical Congress. 17-21 January 2000, Ankara. pp. 567-585.
6. Bakoğlu A, Koç A, Gökkuş A. 1999. Some characteristics of prevalent plant species in rangelands of Erzurum related to life span, flowering period and hay quality. Tr. J. of Agri. & Forestry., 23(4): 951-957.
7. Bora DJ, Gupta AK, Khan FA. 2015. Comparing the Performance of L*A*B* and HSV Color Spaces with Respect to Color Image Segmentation. Int. J. Emerging Tech. and Adv. Eng., 5(2): 192-203.
8. Cavallarin L, Antoniazzi S, Borreani G, Tabacco E. 2005. Effects of wilting and mechanical conditioning on proteolysis in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) wilted herbage and silage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85:831-838.

9. Çıngay B, Ataşlar, E, Koyuncu, O. 2017. Flora of Eskişehir Yazılıkaya valley and its environs. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 10(3):36-50.
10. Davis PH, Mill RR, Tan K. 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Supplement), vol. 10. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
11. Delgado M. 2008. La esparceta o pipirigallo. Informaciones tecnicas No 201.
12. Dutta S, Chaudhuri BB. 2009. A Color Edge Detection Algorithm in RGB Color Space. 2009 International Conference on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing (pp. 337-340). IEEE Computer Society.
13. Fortune JA. 1985. A study of growth and management of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.). Ph.D. Thesis. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 164 pp.
14. Frame J, Charlton JFL, Laidlaw AS. 1998. Temperate forage legumes. CAB International. Wallingford. 327 pp.
15. Gelalcha S, Hanchinal RR. 2013. Correlation and path analysis in yield and yield components in spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under irrigated condition in Southern India. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(24):3186-3192.
16. Gençkan MS. 1992. Culture of forage crops, Aegean Univ. Agriculture Fac. Pub. No. 467, 519p.
17. Harlan JR. 1951. Anatomy of gene centers. Am. Nat. 85:97-103.
18. Harlan JR, De Wet JVJ. 1971. Towards a rational classification of cultivated plants. Taxon 20:509-517.
19. Hart GE. 2001. Molecular-marker maps of the cultivated wheats and other Triticum species. DNA-based markers in plants. Phillips RL and Vasil IK (ed), Second Edition, Kluwer Academic Publication, London. 421 p.
20. Hayot-Carbonero C, Mueller-Harvey I, Brown TA, Smith L. 2011. Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia): a beneficial forage legume. Plant Genet. Res. Char. Util. 9:70-85.
21. Hedge IC. 1970. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands. In: Davis PH, editor. Flora of Turkey, Vol. 3: Onobrychis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 560-589.
22. Hejazi H, Mohsen S, Nasab MZ. 2010. Cytotaxonomy of some Onobrychis (Fabaceae) species and populations in Iran. Caryologia. 63(1):18-31.
23. Hybner RM. 2013. Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.). An introduced legume for conservation use in Montana and Wyoming. USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Tech. Note MT-91.
24. Kaplan M. 2011. Determination of potential nutritive value of sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa) hays harvested at flowering stage. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 10:2028-2031.
25. Khalid AA, EL-Rabaie ESM, El-Samie FA, Faragallah OS, Mhalaway A, Shehata AM. 2016. A Comparative Study For Color Systems Used In The DCT-DWT Watermarking Algorithm. Adv. in Science, J. Tech. Eng. Syst., 1(5): 42-49.
26. Koivisto JM, Lane GPF. 2001. Sainfoin: worth another look. Royal Agricultural College on behalf of the BGS Forage Legumes Special Interest Group.
27. Köklü N, Büyüköztürk Ş, Bökeoğlu ÖÇ. 2006. Statistics for social sciences. Ankara: Pegem-A Publication.
28. Loi A, Porqueddu C, Veronesi F, Cocks PS. 1995. Distribution, diversity and potential agronomic values of Medicago polymorpha in Sardinia. Journal of Agricultural Science. 124: 419-426.
29. Manga İ, Acar Z, Ayan İ. 1995. Forage Legumes. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversity, Agricultural Faculty, Pub., No:7, Samsun, 342 p.
30. Marten GC, Ehle FR, Ristau EA. 1987. Performance and photosensitization of cattle related to forage quality of four legumes. Crop Sci. 27:138-145.
31. Okçu M, Şengül S. 2014. A study on the determination of the morphological, yield and quality characteristics of some sainfoin species (Onobrychis spp.) native to East Anatolia. Pak. J. Bot., 46(5): 1837-1842.
32. Ong PMB, Punzalan ER. 2014. Comparative analysis of rgb and hsv color models in extracting color features of green dye solutions. DLSU Research Congress, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines March 6-8, 2014:1-7.
33. Özaslan-Parlak A, Parlak M. 2008. Effect of salinity in irrigation water on some plant development parameters of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and soil salinity. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi 14: 320-325.
34. Smith FP, Cocks PS, Ewing ME. 1995. Variation in the morphdogy and flowering time of cluster clover (Trifolium glomeratum) and its relationship to distribution in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 46:1027-1038.
35. Smoliak S, Johnston A, Hanna MR. 1972. Germination and seedling growth of alfalfa, sainfoin and cicer milkvetch. Can J Plant Sci., 52:757-762.
36. Sottie ET, Acharya SN, McAllister T, Thomas J, Wang Y, Iwaasa A. 2014. Alfalfa pasture bloat can be eliminated by intermixing with newly-developed sainfoin population. Agron. J. 106: 1470-1478.
37. Tan M, Menteşe O. 2000. Effects of some environmental factors on nutrient values of forages. Atatürk Univ. Erzurum. J. Agri. Fac., 31(2):145-152.
38. Tekin M, Yılmaz G. 2016. Comparative leaf and peduncle anatomy of four Turkish endemic Onobrychis Mill. Taxa. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 9(2):214-220.
39. Töke N. 2002. Determination of some morphological characteristics of genotypes selected from sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa L.) population. University of Selcuk Institute (Master Thesis), Konya.
40. Tosun F. 1974. Forage legumes and graminae culture. University of Atatürk No: 123, Agriculture Faculty No: 305, Textbook. No: 6, Erzurum.
41. Ünal S., Fırıncıoğlu, HK. 2002. An observation of the morphological and the phenological features of on some sainfoin. J. Field Crops Central Res. Inst., 11:1-2.
42. Waghorn G. 2008. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production - progress and challenges. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 147(1/3):116-139.
43. Waldman G. 2002. Introduction to Light: The Physics of Light, Vision, and Color. Mineola: Dover Publications.
44. Wang J, Li X, Lu L, Fang F. 2013. Estimating near future regional corn yields by integrating multi-source observations into a crop growth model. Eur J Agron; 49:126-40.
45. Zhai BY, Shah M. 2008. Content based video matching using spatiotemporal volumes. Journal of Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 110(3):360-377.
46. Zohary M. 1987. Onobrychis. In: Zohary M, editor. Flora Palaestina, Vol. 2. Jerusalem: Academic Science Human, pp. 158-164.