Effects of material, infill pattern and infill density on the tensile strength of products produced by fused filament fabrication method

Abstract

As a result of the development of additive manufacturing technology and the decrease in device and consumable costs, 3D printers have become widespread. With 3D printers, beyond the production of prototypes, the commercial product itself is now produced. The transition from prototype production to final product production is possible by increasing product strength. For this purpose, many factors such as filament type, infill density, infill geometry, nozzle diameter and temperature are studied in detail. In many studies where production is carried out with the FDM (Fused Deposition Method), it is seen that PLA (Polylactic Acid) or ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) consumables are used. In addition, infill geometry and infill density properties have been examined with limited filament types with different compositions in the literature. This article is designed to fill this gap in the literature. The research aims to increase product performance by examining the effects of fill geometry and fill density with different filament types and compositions. In this study, in order to investigate the mechanical properties of the product printed with FDM, samples were produced with 2 different fill geometries and 2 different fill densities using filaments with 5 different compositions and the tensile test results were examined.

Keywords

• Additive manufacturing
• filling density
• mechanical properties
• FDM

References

1. References
2. [1] Jayawardane H., Davies I., J., Gamage J.R., John M., Biswas W.K., Sustainability perspectives – a review of additive and subtractive manufacturing. Sustainable Manufacturing and Service Economics, Volume 2, 100015, ISSN 2667-3444, 2023
3. [2] Aral M., Diş Hekimliğinde 3 Boyutlu - Eklemeli Üretim: Derleme. Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1): 01-11, 2024
4. [3] URL 1: https://blog.armadayazilim.com/2015/07/31/ileri-imalat-yontemleri/
5. [4] Şahin K., Turan B.O., Üç Boyutlu Yazıcı Teknolojilerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi, Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 97-116, 2018
6. [5] Özmen E., Ertek C., Biomaterials Used in Additive Manufacturing Technologies And Biomedical Applications, Journal Of Science, Part C: Design And Technology, 10(4): 733-747, 2022
7. [6] Demir S., 3B yazıcı ile Poli laktik asit (PLA) esaslı numune üretiminde yazıcı parametrelerinin sertlik üzerindeki etkisi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, doi: 10.5505/pajes.2023.49404, 2023
8. [7] Özer, G., 2020. “Eklemeli Üretim Teknolojileri Üzerine Bir Derleme”, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1): 606-621, ISSN: 2564-6605, doi: 10.28948/ngumuh.626011

9. [8] Akbaba A.İ., Akbulut E., 3 Boyutlu Yazıcılar ve Kullanım Alanları. ETÜ Sentez iktisadi ve idari bilimler dergisi, 3, 19-46, 2021.
10. [9] Islam M.A., Mobarak M.H., Rimon M.I.H., Mahmud M.Z.A., Ghosh J., Ahmed M.M.S., Hossain N., Additive manufacturing in polymer research: Advances, synthesis, and applications, Polymer Testing, Volume 132,108364, ISSN 0142-9418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108364, 2024
11. [10] Yeşiloğlu, R., Eklemeli İmalat İle Üretilen Farklı Dolgu Geometrisi Ve Yoğunluğa Sahip Pla Esaslı Yapıların Mekanik Davranışlarının Deneysel Olarak Araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karabük Üniversitesi, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Nisan 2022 [11] Mobarak M.H., Islam M.A., Hossain N., Al Mahmud M.Z., Rayhan M.T., Nishi N.J., Chowdhury M.A., Recent advances of additive manufacturing in implant fabrication – a review, Applied Surface Science Advances, 18, 100462, (2023) https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100462.
12. [12] Tian X., Wu L., Gu D., Yuan S., Z Y., Li X., Ouyang L., Gao., Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing: Toward Intellectualization and Industrialization. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering: Additive Manufacturing Frontiers 1 100014, 2022.
13. [13] Auras, R, Castro-Aquirre, E., Fang, X., Iniguez-Franco, F. ve Samsudin, H. (2016) Poly(lactic acid) – Mass production, processing, industrial applications, and end of life. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 107 (2016) 333-366.
14. [14] Bom T. T., Costa A., Encarnaçao T., Mateus A. ve Tavares R., Bioplastics: Innovation for Green Transition. Polymers 2023, 15,517. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15030517, 2022
15. [15] Deri F., Hamad K., Kaseem M., Ko G. ve Yang H. W., Properties and medical applications of polylactic acid: A Review, eXPRESS Polymer Letters Vol.9, No.5 (2015) 435–455, 2014
16. [16] Figueras, A., Gonzales P., Gonzales-Rodriguez L., Lama L., Lopez-Alvarez M., Novoa B., Oliveira L. A., Perez- Davila, S. ve Serra, J., 3D-Printed PLA Medical Devices: Physicochemical Changes and Biological Response after Sterilisation Treatments. Polymers, 14, 4117. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14194117, 2022
17. [17] Hassan, N. E. ve Omer, S. S. (2024) Application of biodegradable plastic and their environmental impacts: A review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21 (01), 2139-2148
18. [18] Pawar R., Shisoida S., Tekale S. U. ve Totre,J. T., Biomedical Applications of Poly(Lactic Acid). Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicine, 2014, 4, 40-51, 2014
19. [19] Kaygusuz B. ve Özerinç S., 3 Boyutlu Yazıcı ile Üretilen PLA Bazlı Yapıların Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi, Makine Tasarım ve İmalat Dergisi, Cilt 16, Sayı 1, Mayıs 2018
20. [20] Aydın M., Yıldırım F., Çantı E., Farklı yazdırma parametrelerinde PLA filamentin işlem performansının incelenmesi, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies And Digital Industry 3:2, 102-115, 2019
21. [21] Özsoy K., Erçetin A., Çevik Z.A., Comparison of mechanical properties of PLA and ABS based structures produced by fused deposition modelling additive manufacturing, European Journal of Science and Technology, (27), 802-809, 2021.
22. [22] Karakoç B., Uzun G., Ergiyik yığma modelleme yöntemi ile üretilen numunelerde örme yönteminin ve baskı yönünün mukavemete olan etkisi, Journal of Polytechnic, Erken görünüm, DOI: 10.2339/politeknik.1262855 2023
23. [23] Alkhatib F., Cabibihan, J.J., Mahdi, E., 2019. “Data for benchmarking low-cost, 3D printed prosthetic hands” Data in brief 25, 104163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104163
24. [24] Gonçalves, V.P.D., Vieira, C.M.F., Lopera, H.A.C., 2024. “The production and materials of mouthguards: Conventional vs additive manufacturing - A systematic review, Heliyon, Volume 10, Issue 14, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34294.
25. [25] Park J. H., Jung H.K ve Lee J.R., Development and Evaluation of Fall Impact Protection Pads Using Additive Manufacturing, Materials 2019, 12, 3440; doi:10.3390/ma12203440, 2019
26. [26] Yahaya S.A., Ripin Z.M, Ridzwan M.I.Z., Assessment of the force attenuation capability of 3D printed hip protector in simulated sideways fall., Materials Research Express, 8, 015401, 2021
27. [27] Habib F.N., Development of High Performing 3D Printed Polymeric Cellular Structures for Wearable Impact Protection., Doktora Tezi, Engineering and Technology Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Department of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Australia July 2020
28. [28] Narlıoğlu N., Effect of 3D printing speed on mechanical and thermal properties of wood-PLA composite filament, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 7 (1), 97-106. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1486558, 2024
29. [29] Kaya E., Bayar İ., Akpınar A.F., Dolgu Desenlerinin ve Oranlarının Ergiyik Biriktirme Modellemede PLA Malzemesinin Mekanik Performansına Olan Etkisi, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Erken Görünüm doi: 10.28948/ngmuh.1442158, 2024.
30. [30] Taşdelen M.A., Bingöl M., Yılmaz Y., Kahramaner H., Geri Dönüştürülmüş Termoplastiklerin Üç Boyutlu Yazıcılardaki Performansları”, 4th International Congress On 3d Printing (Additive Manufacturing) Technologies And Digital Industry, 11-14 Nisan 2019, Antalya Türkiye Kongrede bildiri, 2019
31. [31] Özsoy K. ve Kayacan M. C., Ergiyik biriktirme yöntemiyle hafifletilmiş kişiye özel kafatası implantın hızlı prototiplenmesi, Uluborlu Mesleki Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1): 1-11, 2018.
32. [32] Eryıldız M., Effect of build orientation on mechanical behaviour and build time of FDM 3D-printed PLA parts: an experimental investigation., European Mechanical Science, 5 (3) pp. 116-120, 2021
33. [33] Tunçel O, Kahya Ç, Tüfekci K., Optimization of Flexural Performance of PETG Samples Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication with Response Surface Method., Polymers (Basel). Jul 15;16(14):2020. doi: 10.3390/polym16142020. PMID: 39065337; PMCID: PMC11281088. 2024
34. [34] Lakshman Sri S.V., Karthick A., Dinesh C., Evalution of Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed PETG and Polyamide (6) Polymers., Chemical Physics Impact, 8, 100491, 2024
35. [35] Plămădială I., Croitoru C., Pop M.A., Mechanical Properties of PETG-Based Materials Destined For 3D-Printing., Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Acta Technica Napocensis Series: Applied Mathematics, Mechanics, and Engineering Vol. 66, Issue Special II, October, 2023
36. [36] URL 2: https://bigrep.com/filaments/petg/