The Immune Modulatory and Anti-protozoal Effects of Different Propolis Samples
Abstract
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Propolis almost always has moderate to strong activity
against protozoa, with the strongest activity being against trypanosomatids.
It has become evident that protozoan infection in bees is widespread with Lotmaria
passim, a monoxenous parasite transmitted via infection of the rectum and
a close relative of Trypansoma brucei, being widespread in European
bee populations 1, 2. We have studied anti-protozoal activity in
propolis from Libya, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria and most recently in samples
from the UK. Samples from the UK have widely varying levels of activity
against both T.brucei and Crithidia fasiculata, which is
closely related to Crithidia mellificae which infects the honey bee.
Using orthogonal partial least squares modelling it was possible to see that
the highest activity in the UK samples seems to be associated with the
abundance of pinobanksin esters. In a separate study the immunomodulatory
effects of propolis were studied and it was found that propolis extracts from
Brazil and the UK were strong inhibitors of nitric oxide formation by primary
macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. In addition the propolis
extracts lowered TNF-1β levels and IL-6 levels. Metabolomic profiling of the
macrophages indicated that propolis samples had a direct effect on the
conversion of arginine into citrulline and the recycling of citrulline back
to arginine via argininosuccinate. |
Keywords
Kaynakça
- 1. Ravoet, J.; Schwarz, R.S.; Descamps, T.; Yañez, O.; Tozkar, C.O.; Martin-Hernandez, R.; Bartolomé, C.; De Smet, L.; Higes, M.; Wenseleers, T. Differential diagnosis of the honey bee trypanosomatids Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim. Journal of invertebrate pathology 2015, 130, 21-27. 2. Schwarz, R.S.; Bauchan, G.R.; Murphy, C.A.; Ravoet, J.; Graaf, D.C.; Evans, J.D. Characterization of two species of trypanosomatidae from the honey bee Apis mellifera: Crithidia mellificae langridge and mcghee, and Lotmaria passim n. Gen., n. Sp. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 2015, 62, 567-583.