GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection

Ahmet Yılmaz; Cemaleddin Şimşek

doi:10.28979/jarnas.1705283

GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection

Abstract

This study presents a cost-effective, user-friendly electronic nose (e-nose) system for detecting Malathion pesticide residues on apples. Genetic Programming (GP) was utilized for system optimization. Adapting a previous methodology with different fruits and pesticides, we analyzed 100 apple samples (sprayed and control) using an 11-sensor e-nose. GP was employed to classify data, derive sensor output equations, and select optimal sensor combinations, by aiming to reduce hardware costs and computational load. The optimized system achieved a significant level of classification success. It demonstrated approximately 92\% validation accuracy with only three sensors and achieved 100\% validation accuracy when six sensors were used. These findings offer a viable, accurate, and economical alternative for pesticide detection. Future work is planned to expand the database and develop a home-use device.

Keywords

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pattern Recognition

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ahmet Yılmaz
0000-0002-4109-3480
Türkiye

Cemaleddin Şimşek ^*
0000-0002-0888-052X
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 30, 2025

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

May 23, 2025

Acceptance Date

September 2, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 11 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.28979/jarnas.1705283

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA84DJ27TX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yılmaz, A., & Şimşek, C. (2025). GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection. Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences, 11(3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.28979/jarnas.1705283

AMA

1.Yılmaz A, Şimşek C. GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection. JARNAS. 2025;11(3):276-285. doi:10.28979/jarnas.1705283

Chicago

Yılmaz, Ahmet, and Cemaleddin Şimşek. 2025. “GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection”. Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences 11 (3): 276-85. https://doi.org/10.28979/jarnas.1705283.

EndNote

Yılmaz A, Şimşek C (September 1, 2025) GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection. Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences 11 3 276–285.

IEEE

[1]A. Yılmaz and C. Şimşek, “GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection”, JARNAS, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 276–285, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.28979/jarnas.1705283.

ISNAD

Yılmaz, Ahmet - Şimşek, Cemaleddin. “GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection”. Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences 11/3 (September 1, 2025): 276-285. https://doi.org/10.28979/jarnas.1705283.

JAMA

1.Yılmaz A, Şimşek C. GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection. JARNAS. 2025;11:276–285.

MLA

Yılmaz, Ahmet, and Cemaleddin Şimşek. “GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection”. Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 276-85, doi:10.28979/jarnas.1705283.

Vancouver

1.Ahmet Yılmaz, Cemaleddin Şimşek. GP-Optimized E-Nose: A Low-Cost Solution for Apple Pesticide Detection. JARNAS. 2025 Sep. 1;11(3):276-85. doi:10.28979/jarnas.1705283

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