The Evolution of the Low-Cost Carriers in the Trans-Tasman Aviation Market

Yıl 2022, , 289 - 310, 22.11.2022

Glenn Baxter , Panarat Srisaeng

https://doi.org/10.30518/jav.1073735

Öz

This research examined the evolution of low-cost carriers (LCCs) in the Trans-Tasman aviation market, quantifying their impact and qualifying their influence on the market. New Zealand is Australia’s second largest tourist market, and the air routes to Australia are New Zealand’s busiest; as such, the trans-Tasman passenger traffic is of significant economic and strategic interest. This study utilized an exploratory research design and an in-depth longitudinal research approach to examine the evolution of the market and to understand the process of market development. The qualitative data was examined by document analysis. The study period was from 1995 to 2020. The low-cost carriers (LCCs) first entered the market in 1995. The case study revealed that since that time, the market has broadly had four discrete phases. The first phase was from 1995 to 2003 when the first low-cost carriers (LCCs) entered the market; the second phase saw the rapid growth in traffic following the launch of services by Pacific Blue Airlines (a subsidiary of Virgin Blue) and Jetstar Airways. An important development in the market took place in 2010, when Pacific Blue was rebranded Virgin Australia, and, as such, implemented the full-service network carrier (FSNC) business model. In 2016, AirAsia-X entered the market, utilizing fifth freedom traffic rights, to provide daily Airbus A330 services from Coolangatta to Auckland. AirAsia-X exited the market in early 2019 leaving Jetstar Airways as the sole low-cost carrier operating in the market (Phase 4).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aviation, airline market share, low-cost carriers, single aviation market (SAM), Trans-Tasman aviation market

Kaynakça

• Acar, A.Z. and Karabulak, S. (2015). Competition between full-service network carriers and low-cost carriers in Turkish Airline Market. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 642-651.
• Airline Business (2004a). Jetstar takes shape for May start. Airline Business, 20(1), 21.
• Airline Business. (2004b). Qantas launches low-cost Jetstar. Airline Business, 20(6), 30.
• Airline Business. (2004c). Pacific Blue reaches out to islands. Airline Business, 20(11), 30.
• Airline Business. (2005a). Trans-Tasman rivalry heats up. Airline Business, 21(5), 228.
• Airline Business. (2005b). Freedom joins forces with ANZ. Airline Business, 21(8), 28.
• Airline Business. (2007). Freedom Air to fold. Airline Business, 23(10), 34.
• Allen, M. (2019). Air Asia X launches Bangkok-Brisbane flights, with Premium Flatbed seats. Retrieved from: https://www.businesstraveller.com/airlines/air-asia/ 2019/06/26/airasia-x-launches- bangkok-brisbane-flights -with-premium-flatbed-seats/.
• Ang, S.H. (2014). Research design for business & management. London: SAGE Publications.
• Baer, H.A. (2021). Grappling with societies and institutions in an era of social-ecological crisis: Journey of a radical anthropologist. Lanham: Lexington Books.
• Barbot, C. (2006). Low-cost airlines, secondary airports, and state aid: An economic assessment of the Ryanair-Charleroi Airport agreement. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(4), 197–203.
• Barrett, S. D. (2004). The sustainability of the Ryanair model. International Journal of Transport Management, 2(2), 89–98.
• Bartlik, M. (2007). The impact of EU Law on the regulation of international air transportation. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
• Baxter, G. (2015). AERO2426 Air cargo management and operations: Topic 4 learning guide: Airline air cargo hubs and route networks. Melbourne: RMIT University.
• Baxter, G. (2021). Achieving carbon neutral airport operations by 2025: The case of Sydney Airport, Australia. Transport and Telecommunication, 22(1), 1-14.
• Baxter, G.S. and Bardell, N.S. (2017). Can the renewed interest in ultra-long-range passenger flights be satisfied by the current generation of civil aircraft? Aviation, 21(2), 42-54.
• Baxter, G. and Srisaeng, P. (2020). Environmentally sustainable hotel operations: The case of the Shangri-La Group. Journal of Sustainable Tourism Development, 2(2), 1-26.
• Baxter, G. and Srisaeng, P. (2021). Environmentally sustainable waste management at a major global hub airport. In N.G. Sahoo (Ed.), Waste management: Strategies, challenges, and future directions (pp. 151-185). New York, NY: Nova Scientific Publishing.
• Beria, P., Laurino, A. and Postorino, M.N. (2017). Low-cost carriers and airports: A complex relationship. In J.D. Bitzan and J. H. Peoples (Eds.), Economics of airport operations (pp. 361-386). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
• Belobaba, P.P. (2016). Overview of airline economics, markets and demand. In P. Belobaba, A. Odoni and C. Barnhart (Eds.), The global airline industry (pp. 47-74) (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
• Beria, P., Laurino, A. and Postorino, M.N. (2017). Low-cost carriers and airports: A complex relationship. In J.D. Bitzan and J. H. Peoples (Eds.), Economics of airport operations (pp. 361-386). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
• Birolini, S., Besana, E., Cattaneo, M., Redondi, R. and Sallan, J.M. (2022). An integrated connection planning and passenger allocation model for low-cost carriers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 99, 102160.
• Boot, S. (2016). Trans-Tasman airline rivalry increases. Retrieved from: http://www.news.com.au/finance/ business/trans-tasman-airline-rivalry-increases/news- story/1b43219e9a7a143487be106d755c4907.
• Bowen, J. (2019). Low-cost carriers in emerging countries. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Bright, C. (2019). Air Asia X launching Bangkok-Brisbane flights in June. Retrieved from: https://www.businesstraveller.com/businesstravel/2019/02/08/airasia-x-launching-bangkok-brisbane-flights- in-june/.
• Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics. (2002). International scheduled air transport 2001, Issue 1/113. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY01.pdf.
• Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics. (2003). International scheduled air transport 2002, Issue 1/115. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY02.pdf.
• Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics. (2004). International scheduled air transport 2003, Issue 1/117. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY03_Y.pdf.
• Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics. (2005). International scheduled air transport 2004, Issue 1/119. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY04.pdf.
• Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics. (2006). International scheduled air transport 2005, Issue 1/121. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY05.pdf.
• Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics. (2007). International scheduled air transport 2006, Issue 1/123. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY06.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (1998). Airline by country of port data Passengers, freight, and mail 1994 to 1998. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ongoing/international_airline_activity-time_series.aspx.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2008). International scheduled air transport 2007, Document Number IAA 125. Retrieved from: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/International_airline_activity_CY07.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2009). International scheduled air transport 2008, Document Number IAM 127. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY08.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2010). International airline activity 2009, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/ publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY09.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2011). International airline activity 2010, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/ publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY10.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2012). International airline activity 2011, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/ publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY11.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2013). International airline activity 2012, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/ publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY12.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2014). International airline activity 2013, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/ publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY2013.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2015). International Airline Activity 2014, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/ publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY14.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2016). International airline activity 2015, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/ publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY2015.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2017). International airline Activity 2016, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au/ publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY2016.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2018). International airline Activity 2017, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://www.bitre.gov.au/ sites/default/files/International_airline_activity_CY2017.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2019). International airline Activity 2018, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/ default/files/documents/international_airline_activity_cy2019.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2020). International airline Activity 2019, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/ default/files/documents/international_airline_activity_cy2019.pdf.
• Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. (2021). International airline Activity 2020, Statistical report. Retrieved from: https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/ default/files/documents/international_airline_activity_cy2020.pdf.
• Bureau of Transport and Communication Economics. (1994). International aviation: Trends and issues. Report 86. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
• Button, K.J. (2002). Airline network economics. In D. Jenkins (Ed.), Handbook of airline economics (pp. 27-33) (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Button, K.J. and Stough, R. (2000). Air transport networks: Theory and policy implications. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Button, K.J., Haynes, K. and Stough, R. (1998). Flying into the future: Air transport policy in the European Union. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Cento, A. (2009). The airline industry: Challenges in the 21st century. Heidelberg: Physica-Springer.
• Centre for Aviation. (2011). Virgin Australia completes re-branding with the introduction of Virgin Samoa. Retrieved from: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/ reports/virgin-australia-completes- re-branding-with-the-introduction-of-virgin-samoa-64233.
• Centre for Aviation. (2018). New Zealand LCC market: AirAsia pulls out again, leaving only Jetstar. Retrieved from: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/ new-zealand-lcc-market-airasia- pulls-out-again-leaving-only-jetstar-449001.
• Chang, Y.C. and Williams, G. (2001). Changing the rules – amending nationality clauses in air services agreements. Journal of Air Transport Management, 7(4), 207-216.
• Choo, Y.Y. and Oum, T.H. (2013). Impacts of low-cost carrier services on efficiency of the major U.S. airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 33, 60-67.
• Civil Aviation Safety Authority. (2007). Arrangement between the Australian and New Zealand governments on mutual recognition of aviation-related certification. Retrieved from: https://www.casa.gov.au/arrangement-mutual-recognition-aviation-related-certification-between australia-and-new-zealand.pdf.
• Collins, A., Hensher, D.A. and Li, Z. (2010). Regional airports and opportunities for low-cost carriers in Australia. In M.N. Postorino (Ed.), Development of regional airports: Theoretical analyses and case studies (pp. 149-174). Southampton: WIT Press.
• Creedy, S. (2011). Virgin Airlines rebranded to take on Qantas, The Australian, 4 May 2011, 51
• Daft, J. and Albers, S. (2012). A profitability analysis of low-cost long-haul flight operations. Journal of Air Transport Management, 19, 49-54.
• Daley, B. (2010). Air transport and the environment. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Dawes Farquhar, J. (2012). Case study research for business. London: SAGE Publications.
• Dempsey, P. S. and Gesell, L. E. (1997). Air transportation: Foundations for the 21st century. Chandler: Coast Aire Publications.
• De Neufville, R. (2006). Accommodating low-cost airlines at main airports. International Airport Review, 1, 62-65.
• Department of Transport and Regional Services. (2001). International scheduled air transport 2000, Issue 1/111. Retrieved from: https://bitre.gov.au /publications/ongoing/files/International_airline_activity_CY00_Y.pdf.
• De Poret, M, O'Connell, J.F. and Warnock-Smith, D. (2015). The economic viability of long-haul low-cost operations: Evidence from the transatlantic market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 272-281.
• Derrington, M.L. (2019). Qualitative longitudinal methods: Researching, implementation and change. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
• de Wit, J.G. and Zuidberg, J. (2014). The growth limits of the low cost carrier model. In L. Budd and S. Ison (Eds.), Low cost carriers: Emergence, expansion and evolution (pp. 383-390). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Dziedzic, M., and Warnock-Smith, D. (2016). The role of secondary airports for today's low-cost carrier business models: The European case. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 21, 19- 32.
• Dobruszkes, F., Givoni, M. and Vowles, T. (2017). Hello major airports, goodbye regional airports? Recent changes in European and US low-cost airline airport choice. Journal of Air Transport Management, 59, 50-62.
• Doganis, R. (2006). The airline business (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Dube, K., Nhamo, G. and Chikodzi, D. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for recovery of the global aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 92, 102022.
• Duval, D.T. (2005). Tourism and air transport in Oceania. In C. Cooper and C. Michael Hall (Eds.), Oceania: A tourism handbook (pp. 321-334). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
• Ehmer, H., Berster, P., Bischoff, G., Grimme, W., Grunewald, E. and Maertens, S. (2008). Analyses of the European air transport market – Airline business models. Report 1.01. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/ sites/transport/files/ modes/air/doc/abm_report_2008.pdf.
• Fairweather, S.M., Chang, C.L., Mansell, C.J., Shafuddin, E. and Hancox, R.J. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on the cardio-respiratory health of New Zealanders. Respirology, 26(11), 1041- 1048.
• Findlay, C. (1996). The Trans-Tasman Single Aviation Market. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 30(3), 329-334.
• Findlay, C. and Kissling, C. (1997). Flying towards a single aviation market across the Tasman. In C. Findlay, C.L. Sien., and K. Singh (Eds.), Asia Pacific air transport: Challenges and policy reforms (pp. 181-191). Singapore: SNP Printing Pte Ltd.
• Fitzgerald, D.A. and Wong, G.W.K. (2020). COVID-19: A tale of two pandemics across the Asia Pacific region. Pediatric Respiratory Reviews, 35, 75-80.
• Fletcher, R. and Crawford, H. (2014). International marketing: An Asia Pacific perspective (6th ed). Frenchs Forest: Pearson
• Flight International. (1995). Kiwi Travel wins approval for trans-Tasman services. Flight International, 148(4487), 16.
• Flight International. (1996). First New Zealand Airbus goes to Kiwi International. Flight International, 150(4532), 11.
• Forsyth, P. (2018). Predatory behaviour in Australian aviation markets. In P. Forsyth, D.W. Gillen, O.G. Mayer and H.M. Niemeier (Eds.), Competition verses predation in aviation markets: A survey of experiences in North America, Europe and Australia (pp. 81-94). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Francis, G., Humphreys, I., Ison, S. and Aicken, M. (2006). Where next for low-cost carriers? A spatial and temporal study. Journal of Transport Geography, 14(2), 83-94.
• Franke, M. (2018). Network design strategies. In P.J. Bruce, Y. Gao and J.M.C. King (Eds.), Airline operations: A practical guide (pp. 44-61). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Freed, J. (2016). Trans-Tasman competition heats up as foreign airlines enter market, Sydney Morning Herald, 25 January 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.smh.com.au/business/aviation/transtasman-competition-heats-up-as-foreign-airlines-enter-market-20160121-gmbib3.html.
• Fulcher, J. and Scott, J. (2011). Sociology (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Gillen, D. and Lall, A. (2004). Competitive advantage of low cost carriers: Some implications for airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 10(1), 41–50.
• Graham, B. (2016). Foreword: Business travel in the global economy. In J.V. Beaverstock, B. Derudder, J. Faulconbridge, and F. Witlox (Eds.), International business travel in the global economy (pp. xvii- xxv). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Grant, A. (2019). Doing excellent social research with documents: Practical examples and guidance for qualitative researchers. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Gross, S. and Klemmer, L. (2014). Introduction to tourism transport. Wallingford: CABI.
• Gross, S., Lück, M., and Schrõder, A. (2016). The low cost carrier – a worldwide phenomenon. In S. Gross and M. Lück (Eds.), The low cost carrier worldwide (pp. 3-18). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Haanappel, P.C. (2003). The law and policy of air space and outer space: A comparative approach. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
• Hassett, M.E. and Paavilainen-Mäntymäki, E. (2013). Longitudinal research in organizations: An introduction. In: M.E. Hassett and E. Paavilainen-Mäntymäki (Eds.), Handbook of longitudinal research methods in organisation and business studies (pp. 1-22). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Holloway, S. (2016). Straight and level: Practical airline economics (3rd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X. (2014). Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategy: Pricing and route entry patterns. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 63, 1-16.
• Hsu, C. and Wen, Y.H. (2000). Application of Grey theory and multi-objective programming towards airline network design. European Journal of Operations Research, 127(1), 44-68.
• Hunziker, D.O. (2005). Air New Zealand. In M. Beisheim, E.U. von Weizsacker, O.R. Young and M. Finger (Eds.), Limits to privatization: How to avoid too much of a good thing (pp. 102-103). London: Earthscan Books.
• International Civil Aviation Organization. (2007). Trans-Tasman Single Aviation Market. Retrieved from: https://www.icao.int/sustainability/CaseStudies/StatesReplies/Trans-Tasman_EN.pdf.
• Jetstar Airways. (2010a). Jetstar takes off to Auckland from Melbourne and Cairns, Press Release 28 July 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.jetstar.com/ mediacentre/latest-announcements/~/_media/ DADB0AAE28704843A3052A93DC447F25.pdf.
• Jetstar Airways. (2010b). Jetstar takes off with three new Trans-Tasman routes, Press Release 13 December 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.jetstar.com/ mediacentre/latest- announcements/~/_media/ E486DCB52D684BE5869D44D778B4BA4C.pdf.
• Jetstar Airways. (2012). Jetstar spreads its wings in New Zealand, Press Release 19 September 2012. Retrieved from: http://newsroom.jetstar.com/jetstar-spreads-its-wings-in-new-zealand/
• Jetstar Airways. (2021a). Jetstar Group fleet. Retrieved from: https://www.jetstar.com/au/en/about-us/our-fleet.
• Jetstar Airways. (2021b). Where we fly in New Zealand. Retrieved from: https://www.jetstar.com/au/en/ inspiration/destinations/new-zealand?adults=1& children=0&flexible=1&flighttype=2&infants=0&origin=MEL.
• Jiang, H. (2013). Service quality of low-cost long-haul airlines – The case of Jetstar Airways and AirAsia X. Journal of Air Transport Management, 26, 20-24.
• Jones, D. and Collett, N. (2001). Open skies—a global view. Airfinance Journal, 236(February), 24.
• Kalaian, S.A. and Kasim, R.M. (2008). Longitudinal studies. In: P.J. Lavrakas (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of survey research methods (pp. 439-440). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
• Kelly, E. (2003). Qantas aims for rock bottom Jetstar prices, but unions fear erosion of pay at parent company. Flight International, 164(4912), 14.
• Kleymann, B. and Seristö, H. (2016). Managing strategic airline alliances. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Knibb, D. (2003). Australian carriers jockey for New Zealand positions. Airline Business, 19(8), 26.
• Knibb, D. (2004a). Discounters fly offshore. Airline Business, 20(2), 22.
• Knibb, D. (2004b). ANZ on the defensive. Airline Business, 20(10), 26.
• Knibb, D. (2005a). Growing pains. Airline Business, 21(6), 37-41.
• Knibb, D. (2005b). Low-cost battle across the Tasman. Airline Business, 21(7), 24.
• Knibb, D. (2005c). Virgin Blue seeks home for cheap 737s. Airline Business, 21(9), 30.
• Knibb, D. (2007a). Virgin Blue’s New Zealand move. Airline Business, 23(10), 34.
• Knibb, D. (2007b). Reinvention time in Australia. Airline Business, 23(12), 28.
• Knibb, D. (2008a). Toll seeks to reduce Virgin stake. Airline Business, 24(4), 28.
• Knibb, D. (2008b). Silver lining. Airline Business, 24(9), 54-55.
• Koch, B. (2010). Aviation strategy and business models. In A. Wald, C. Fay and R. Gleich (Eds.), Introduction to aviation management (pp. 143-184). Münster: LIT Verlag.
• Kua, J. and Baum, T. (2004). Perspectives on the development of low-cost airlines in South-east Asia. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(3), 262–276.
• Law, C.C.H., Zhang, Y. and Zhang, A. (2019). Regulatory changes in international air transport and their impact on tourism development in Asia Pacific. In X. Fu and J. Peoples (Eds.), Airline economics in Asia (pp. 123-144). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
• Leick, R. and Wensveen, J.G. (2014). The airline business. In D. Prokop (Ed.), The business of transportation, Volume 1: Modes and markets (pp. 65-99). Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishing.
• Lennon, M. (2016). Review: AirAsia X Airbus A330 premium flatbed class (Kuala Lumpur-Sydney), Australian Business Traveller, 9 September 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.ausbt.com.au/airasia-x- airbus-a330-premium-flatbed-class-kuala-lumpur-sydney.
• Lück, M. and Gross, S. (2016). Low cost carriers in Australia and New Zealand. In S. Gross and M. Lück (Eds.), The low cost carrier worldwide (pp. 155-174). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Lyon, D. and Francis, G. (2016). Current issues in airport management in New Zealand. In D.T. Duval (Ed.), Air transport in the Asia Pacific (pp. 53-72). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Marquardt, M., Berger, N. and Loan, P. (2004). HRD in the age of globalization: A practical guide to workplace learning in the third millennium. Cambridge: Perseus Books.
• Maria Iacus, S., Natale, F., Santamaria, C., Spyratos, S. and Vespe, M. (2020). Estimating and projecting air passenger traffic during the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak and its socio-economic impact. Safety Science, 129, 104791.
• Martin, J.C. and Román, C. (2011). Airlines and their focus on cost control and productivity. In R. Macário and E. Van de Voorde (Eds.), Critical issues in air transport economics and business (pp. 29-50). Abingdon: Routledge.
• McCutchen, D.M. and Meredith, J.R. (1993). Conducting case study research in operations management. Journal of Operations Management, 11(3), 239-256.
• Mecham, M. (1994a). New Zealand embraces aviation pragmatism. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 141(2), 42.
• Mecham, M. (1994b). Australia’s pullout threatens single market. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 141(19), 40.
• Mentzer, J.T. and Flint, D.J. (1997). Validity in logistics research. Journal of Business Logistics, 18(1), 199-216.
• Mills, G. (2017). The airline revolution: Economic analysis of airline performance and public policy. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Monios, J. (2016). Institutional challenges to intermodal transport and logistics: Governance in port regionalization and hinterland integration. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Morrell, P. (2008). Can long-haul low-cost airlines be successful? Research in Transportation Economics, 24(1), 61-67.
• Morrell, P.S. (2021). Airline finance (5th ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Morrell, P.S. and Klein, T. (2020). Moving boxes by air: The economics of international air cargo (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Morrison, S. A. (2007). Airline service: The evolution of competition since de-regulation. In V.J. Tremblay and C.H. Tremblay (Eds.), Industry and firm studies (pp. 3-29). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Neale, B. (2019). What is qualitative longitudinal research? London: Bloomsbury Academic.
• Oates, B.J. (2006). Researching information systems and computing. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
• O'Leary, Z. (2004). The essential guide to doing research. London: SAGE Publications.
• Oum, T.H. and Yu, C. (2012). Winning airlines: Productivity and cost competitiveness of the world’s major airlines. New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
• Pan, J.Y. and Truong, D. (2018). Passengers’ intentions to use low-cost carriers: An extended theory of planned behavior model. Journal of Air Transport Management, 69, 38-48.
• Pearce, B. (2012). The state of air transport markets and the airline industry after the great recession. Journal of Air Transport Management, 21, 3-9.
• Pearce, D.G. (1995). CER, trans-Tasman tourism and a single aviation market. Tourism Management, 16(2), 111-120.
• Phelan, P. (1996). Losses make New Zealand’s Kiwi flightless. Flight International, 150(4541), 22.
• Phelan, P. (1997a). Strong market. Flight International, 151(4561), 40.
• Phelan, P. (1997b). Tussle to rule the Tasman. Flight International, 152(4598), 77-78.
• Pilling, M. (2007). Virgin’s dating game. Airline Business, 23(8), 11.
• Productivity Commission. (1998). International air services. Inquiry; Report No. 2. Canberra: Ausinfo.
• Quiggin, J. (1997). Evaluating airline deregulation in Australia. The Australian Economic Review, 30(1), 45-56.
• Ramon Gil-Garcia, J. (2012). Enacting electronic government success: An integrative study of government-wide websites, organizational capabilities, and institutions. New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
• Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A. and Swartz, E. A. (2010). Doing research in business and management: An introduction to process and method. London: SAGE Publications.
• Reynolds-Feighan, A.J. (1994). The E.U. and U.S. air freight markets: Network organization in a deregulated environment. Transport Reviews, 14(3), 193-217.
• Ritchie, K. (2008). Jetstar to expand NZ operations, ABC News, 13 October 2008.
• Rochat, P. (1996). The challenges of the future for the International Civil Aviation Organization. In D. Jenkins (Ed.), Handbook of airline economics (pp. 55-61). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Schlumberger, C.E. and Weisskopf, N. (2014). Ready for takeoff? The potential for low-cost carriers in developing countries. Washington: The World Bank Publications.
• Schofield, A. (2015). Jetstar continues New Zealand growth with new flight, Aviation Week Intelligence Network, 17 December 2015. Retrieved from: http://aviationweek.com/awin-only/jetstar- continues-new-zealand-growth-new-flight.
• Scott, J. (2014). A dictionary of sociology (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Scott, J. and Marshall, G. (2009). A dictionary of sociology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Srisaeng, P., Baxter, G.S. and Wild, G. (2014). The evolution of low cost carriers in Australia. Aviation, 18(4), 203-216.
• Stebbins, R.A. (2001). Exploratory research in the social sciences. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
• Taneja, N.K. (2016). Designing future-oriented airline businesses. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Taumoepeau, S. (2016). Low cost carriers in Asia and the Pacific. In S. Gross and M. Lück (Eds.), The low cost carrier worldwide (pp. 113-138). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Thomas, G. (2006). Taking care of business. Air Transport World, 43(10), 54-58.
• Thomas, G. (2007). Jetting to the top. Air Transport World, 44(11), 57-60.
• Vasigh, B. and Rowe, Z.C. (2020). Foundations of airline finance: Methodology and practice (3rd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Vasigh, B, Fleming, K. and Tacker, T. (2013). Introduction to air transport economics: From theory to applications (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Vasigh, B., Taleghani, R. and Jenkins, D. (2012). Aircraft finance: Strategies for managing capital costs in a turbulent industry. Fort Lauderdale: J. Ross Publishing.
• Vidović, A., Štimac, I. and Vince, D. (2013). Development of business models of low-cost airlines. International Journal for Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 3(1), 69–81.
• Virgin Australia. (2008). New daily Melbourne-Auckland service takes off, Press Release 22 September 2008. Brisbane: Virgin Australia.
• Virgin Australia. (2011). Air New Zealand and Virgin Australia Airlines announce joint network, Press Release 16 May 2011. Brisbane: Virgin Australia.
• Vowles, T. and Mertens, D. (2014). Gateway airports and international and regional connectivity of air transport in the Asia Pacific. In D.T. Duval (Ed.), Air transport in the Asia Pacific (pp. 113-123). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Vowles, T. M. and Tierney, S. (2007). The geographic impact of ‘open skies’ policies on Trans-Tasman air passenger service. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 48(3), 344-354.
• Walton, J. (2011). Virgin Australia to replace Virgin Blue, V Australia, Pacific Blue names -- Polynesian Blue too? Retrieved from: https://www.executivetraveller.com/ virgin-australia-to-replace-virgin- blue-v-australia-pacific-blue-names-what-about-polynesian-blue.
• Wensveen, J.G. (2016). Air transportation: A management perspective (8th ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Wensveen, J.G. and Leick, R. (2009). The long-haul low-cost carrier: A unique business model. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(3), 127-133.
• Whyte, R. and Lohmann, G. (2015a). Low-cost long-haul carriers: A hypothetical analysis of a ‘Kangaroo route’. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 3(2), 159-165.
• Whyte, R. and Lohmann, G. (2015b). The carrier-within-a-carrier strategy: An analysis of Jetstar. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 141-148.
• Whyte, R. and Lohmann, G. (2017). Airline business models. In L. Budd and S. Ison (Eds), Air transport management: An international perspective (pp. 107-121). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Whyte, R., Prideaux, B. and Sakata, H. (2012). The evolution of Virgin Australia from a low-cost carrier to a full-service airline – Implications for the tourism industry. In J.S. Chen (Ed.), Advances in hospitality and leisure (pp. 215-231). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Wilken, D. and Berster, P. (2016). Low-cost carrier services in Germany and Europe – From novel to normal. In P. Forsyth, D. Gillen, K. Huschelrath, H.M. Niemeier and H. Wolf (Eds.), Liberalization in aviation: Competition, cooperation, and public policy (pp. 157-184). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Williams, A. (2016). Developing strategies for the modern international airport: East Asia and beyond. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Wolfe, J. (1999). The record in Australasia. In M. Gaudry and R.R. Mayes (Eds.), Taking stock of air liberalization (pp. 27-38). New York: Springer Science + Businesss Media.
• Yan, S., Tang, C.H. and Lee, M.C. (2007). A flight scheduling model for Taiwan airlines under market competitions. Omega, 35(1), 61-74.
• Yin, R.K. (2018). Case study research and applications (6th ed). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
• Yu, D. (2020). Aircraft valuations: Airplane investments as an asset class. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
• Zhang, A., Hanaoka, S., Inamura, H. and Ishikura, T. (2016). Low-cost carriers in Asia: Deregulation, regional liberalization and secondary airports. In L. Budd and S. Ison (Eds.), Low-cost carriers: Emergence, expansion and evolution (pp. 55-72). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Zhang, A, Hui, G.W.L., Leung, L.C., Cheung, W. and Van Hui, Y. (2017). Air cargo in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Abingdon: Routledge.