Using structural equation modeling to understand the determinants that drive instructors’ use of online proctoring

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 368 - 393, 30.09.2025

Michele Gribbins Curtis Bonk

https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1703328

Abstract

Despite the increasing use of online proctoring, prior research has not fully explored the factors influencing instructors’ adoption of these tools, nor clarified their role in promoting academic integrity. This study addresses these gaps by investigating instructors’ perceptions of online proctoring to uncover factors that underpin decisions to adopt online proctoring as an academic integrity tool. Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology framework to examine determinants that influence the intended use of online proctoring, an online survey was completed by 158 instructors at various higher education institutions. Using structural equation modeling, the study found that performance expectancy is the primary determinant of an instructor’s intention to use online proctoring while effort expectancy has no significant impact. Interestingly, social influence also has a significant impact but only for instructors who have moderate to no online teaching experience. These findings suggest that institutions should focus on communicating the integrity benefits of online proctoring, provide clear guidelines for its implementation, and offer support for interpreting proctoring results. Additionally, institutions should address student privacy and anxiety concerns, especially when supporting novice online instructors. By tailoring policies and resources to these determinants, educators and institutions can make more informed decisions about the adoption and management of online proctoring.

Keywords

online practoring , academic integrity , online teaching , technology acceptance

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