Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Primary School Pupils

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 02, 95 - 104, 15.06.2021

Faith Feranmi Folahan Luke Ekundayo Edungbola Joy Temiloluwa Folahan

https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.951609

Öz

Objectives: Schistosomiasis is a chronic, progressive and granulomatous disease which is not immediately fatal but constitutes enormous medical and public health implications. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, intensity, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school pupils (aged 4-16 years) in Owena town, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Methods: Urine specimens were collected and examined, using a 325 Wire Mesh filter and microscopy. The conclusive diagnosis was based on the presence of the characteristic eggs of Schistosoma haematobium, while the intensity of infection was described as the number of eggs per 10 ml of urine (eggs/10ml). 464 school children, comprising 268 (57.8%) boys and 196 (42.2%) girls, were examined.
Results: Altogether, 175 (37.7%) of the pupils examined had the characteristic egg of S. haematobium in their urine. Boys, (42.3%), were significantly more infected than girls, (31.6%) (p<0.05). The highest prevalence of infection (47.2%) was seen among pupils in the age range of 8-10years while the lowest (28.0%) occurred among 11-13years. Boys had significantly higher mean (SD) egg-count 428 (5.8) eggs/10 ml/SD and prevalence of macro-hematuria (70.2%) than girls 373.0 (3.1) eggs/10ml/SD and 29.8% respectively] (p <0.05). The relationship between water-contact activities and prevalence of infection was statistically significant (x2 = 24.17, p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study identified protracted water-contact activities, ignorance, and lack of safe water supply as the major risk factors promoting endemicity of S. haematobium in Owena town. It is therefore imperative that interventions and control measures, such as health education, safe water supply, and chemotherapy are implemented. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(2):95-104.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Urinary schistosomiasis, water-contact, Schistosoma haematobium, hematuria, egg-count

Kaynakça

• 1. Brunn B, Aagaard-Hansen J. The social context of schistosomiasis and its control: An introduction and annotated bibliography. 1st Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization 2008: 2
• 2. Hotez PJ, Kamath A Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2009; 3 (8): 412.
• 3. Edungbola LD, Schiller EL. Histopthology of Hepatic and Pulmonary Granulomata Experimentally Induced with Eggs of Schistosoma mansoni in Mice. J Parasitol 1979; 65: 253-261.
• 4. Barsoum RS, Esmat G, El-Baz T. Human Schistosomiasis: Clinical Perspective: Review. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng Technol 2013; 4(5): 433-444.
• 5. Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, Cooper ES, Bundy DAP. Parasitic Helminth Infection and Cognitive Function in School Children. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biological sciences, 1992; 247 (1319): 1098.
• 6. Khalaf I, Shokeir A, Shalaby M. Urologic complications of genitourinary schistosomiasis. World J Urol 2012; 30(1):31-38.
• 7. Badmos KB, Popoola AA, Buhari MO, Abdulkadir AY. Ureteric schistosomiasis with obstructive uropathy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009; 19(7):456-8.
• 8. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on The Identification Of Carcinogenic Hazards To Humans: List of Classifications – Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–128. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/
• 9. Neal PM. Schistosomiasis--an unusual cause of ureteral obstruction: a case history and perspective. Clin Med Res 2004; 2(4):216-227.
• 10. King CH. The Causes and Impacts of Neglected Tropical and Zoonotic Diseases: Opportunities for Integrated Intervention Strategies. A12-Schistosomiasis: challenges and opportunities. The National Academies: US Institute of Medicine Forum on Microbial Threat, 2011; ISBN-13: 978-0-309-18634-6.
• 11. Burton JB, Clint EC, Thomas NO. Human Parasitology, 4th Edition. Academic Press, Elsevier: USA, 2013; pp 197-209.
• 12. World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis: Number of people treated in 2010 Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2010; 87(4):37–44.
• 13. Isabel Jones. Nigeria: Schistosomiasis, Stanford University, Up Stream Alliance, 2015; https://schito.staford.edu>pdf>Nigeria Accessed 10th March, 2018.
• 14. DeSilva NR., Brooker S, Hotez, PJ., Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L. Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections: Updating the Global Picture, 2003; Trends Parasitol 19. 547-551.
• 15. World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Assembly Resolution (WHA) 28.53 Schistosomiasis. Geneva (1975).
• 16. World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Assembly Resolution WHA 29.58 Schistosomiasis. Geneva (1976) www.who.int/entity/neglected_diseases/mediacentre/WHA_29.58_Eng.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed 08/02/2021).
• 17. Nigeria Master Plan for Neglected Tropical Diseases – 2013–2017. 2012; p. 142
• 18. World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Assembly Resolution WHA 54.19 Elimination of Schistosomiasis. www.who.int/entity/neglected_diseases/mediacentre/WHA_54.19_Eng.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed 13/02/2021)
• 19. Oyetunde TO, Wander deJesus J, Rafaella FQG. Schistosomiasis in Nigeria: Gleaning from the past to improve current efforts towards control, One Health, 2020; 11: 100183. ISSN 2352-7714, doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100183.
• 20. Carter Center Global Health Efforts - Nigeria - Schistosomiasis Control. http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/nigeria-health-schistosomiasis.html
• 21. Edungbola LD, Asaolu SO, Omonisi MK, Aiyedun BA. Schistosoma haematobium infection among school children in the Babana District, Kwara State, Nigeria, Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci, 1988; 17: 187-193.
• 22. World Health Organization. Prevention and control of Schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis. W.H.O. Technical report. Series No. 912: i-vi. Geneva: World Health Org, 2002; pp:64.
• 23. Akeh AM, Ejezie GC, Enyi-Idoh KH, Eja ME, Agba AO, Ogbeche JO. Urinary schistosomiasis, perceptions and treatment seeking behaviour in Sankwala, Cross-River State, Southeastern Nigeria. Nig J Parasitol, 2010; 31: 7-13.
• 24. Houmsou SR. Profile of a one year epidemiological study of urinary schistosomiasis in two local government areas (L.G.As) of Benue State. Nig J Biomed Sci, 2012; 1. 2:2
• 25. Sama MT Oyono E. Ratard RC. High risk behaviours and schistosomiasis infection in Kumba, Southwest Province, Cameroon. Intl. J Environ Res Pub Health 2007; 4: 101-105.
• 26. Rasoamanamihaja CF, Rahetilahy AM, Ranjatoarivony B and et al. Baseline Prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis at sentinel sites in Madagascar: Informing a national control Strategy. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:50. 5-7.
• 27. Otuneme OG, Akinkuade FO, Obebe OO, and et al. A study on the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma intercalatum in a rural community of Ogun State, Nigeria. South East Asia J Public Health, 2014; 4(1):67-71.
• 28. Raji H, Omenesa HO, Bishop HG. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among pupils attending primary schools in Bomo village, Zaria-Nigeria. Intl J Res Eng Sci (IJRES), 2015; 3:14-19.
• 29. Nyamngee A, Yusuf KA, Edungbola LD, Akanbi II AA, Njaan AA, Olubiyi SK. Evidences of endemic Schistosoma haematobium infection among School Children in Shonga Community, Edu Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. Trop J Health Sci 2018; 25 (1): 14-20.
• 30. Ejima IA, Odaibo AB. Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Abuja Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. J Sci Res 2007; 7: 30-35.
• 31. Nnoruka VC, Anya AO, Okafor FC. Epidemiological study on urinary schistosomiasis in Imo State II: Parasitological and morbidity studies among primary school children. Nig. J Parasitol 2000; 23:111-118.
• 32. Ogbeide O, Okojie O, Wagbastoma V, Isah E. Schistosoma haematobium in rural school children in Nigeria. W Afri J Med 1994; 13 (1): 31-33.
• 33. Mafiana CF, Ekpo UF, Ojo DA. Urinary schistosomiasis in Preschool children in settlements around Oyan reservoir in Ogun State, Nigeria: Implications for control. J Trop Med Int Health 2003; 8: 78-82.
• 34. Nwabueze AA, Opara KN. Outbreak of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Children in Riverine Communities of Delta State, Nigeria: Impact of Road and Bridge Construction. J Med Sci 2007; 7 (4): 572-578.