Antropojenik Etkilerin Detritus Ayrışım Süreci ve Bir Akarsu Organizması Olan Melanopsis buccinoidea Örneğinde İmzası

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 39 - 47, 26.12.2018

İldeniz Pınar Sukran Yalçın Ozdilek

Öz

Antropojenik etki olarak tarım faaliyetlerinden akarsu kenarlarında yetiştirilen kültür bitkileri, gübre ve
pestisit uygulamalarının detritus ayrışma sürecindeki etkilerini ve akarsuda yaşayan ve bu detritus ortamında
beslenen Melanopsis buccinoidea (Olivier, 1801) örneğinde akarsu organizmaları üzerindeki etkilerini kararlı
izotop yöntemi ile göstermek amaçlanmıştır. Detritus kaynağı olarak kültür bitkilerinden elma (Malus pumila
Mill) ve mısır (Zea maysL.) yaprakları (1) hiçbir uygulama yapılmamış, (2) gübre ve (3) pestisit ile muamele
edilmiş olmak üzere ikişer tekrarlı altı grup olarak yaklaşık 2.5 aylık bir ayrışma sürecine tutulmuştur. Deney
sürecinde her on günde bir detritus örneği alınarak δ13C ve δ15N analizi yapılmıştır. Daha sonra M. buccionidea
bireyleri bu altı farlı ortamdan alınan detritus içeren ortamlarda 25 gün boyunca tutulmuş ve belirli aralıklarla
M. buccinoidea bireylerinin kas dokularındaki kararlı karbon ve izotop değerleri ölçülmüştür. İki buçuk ay
boyunca elma ve mısır yapraklarında ölçülen δ13C değerlerinin her üç uygulamada da zamana bağlı bir
dalgalanma ile birlikte artış gösterdiği mısır bitki yapraklarında ise sadece gübre uygulamasında artma
saptanmıştır. İkibuçuk ay boyunca, her iki bitkide de detritusların δ15N değerinde doğal ve pestisit koşullarında
bir zenginleşme, gübre koşullarında bir düşme görülmüştür. Her iki bitki için gübre ortamındaki iletkenliğin
yüksek, pH değerinin ise düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu ortamda ölçülen ortalama δ15N oranlarının da düşük
olması dikkat çekicidir. Mısır detritus ortamında tutulan M. buccinoidea bireylerinin δ13C değerinin elma detritus
ortamında tutulan bireylere göre daha düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. Yirmibeş günlük deneme süresince mısır
detritus ortamında tutulan M. buccinoidea bireylerinin δ13C değerlerinde bir azalma eğilimi olması ilginçtir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Makroomurgasız, Kararlı İzotoplar, Antropojenik Etki, Akuatik ekoloji

Signature of Anthropogenic Impacts in Detritus Decomposition and the Freshwater Snail Melanopsis buccinoidea

Öz

The present study aims to investigate the anthropogenic impacts of crop farming, fertilizing practices, and pesticide use in riparian zones on detritus decomposition and on feeding of Melanopsis buccinoidea (Olivier, 1801) on detritus by employing the stable isotope method. For this purpose, (1) Non-treated, (2) fertilizer-treated and (3) pesticide-treated apple Malus pumila (Mill) and corn (Zea mays L.) leaves were used in duplicate as detritus material and left to decompose for about two and a half months. During the experiment, samples were collected from the detritus every ten days to conduct stable carbon and nitrogen analyses., M. buccinoidea individuals were then placed in the media containing different detritus types treatments for 25 days and the stable carbon and isotope values in the muscle tissues of M. buccinoidea were measured periodically. The δ13C values measured in the apple and corn leaves over a period of two and a half months were found to fluctuate and increased in each of the three treatments depending on the time of exposure and only in the fertilizer-treated corn leaves. The δ15N values of detrita in both plants were observed to have increased in the natural/non-treated and pesticide-treated conditions but decreased in the fertilizer-administered media during two and a half months. Conductivity and pH values in both plants were found to be high and low, respectively. In this medium, δ15N ratios were lower. The δ13C values of the M. buccinoidea kept in the corn detritus were found to be lower than those of the individuals kept in the apple detritus. It was remarkable to observe during the 25-day experiment that the δ13C values of the M. buccinoidea kept in the corn detritus tended to decrease.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Macroinvertebrate, stable isotopes, anthropogenic impact, Aquatic ecology

Kaynakça

• Adams, T. S., & Sterner, R. W. (2000). The effect of dietary nitrogen content on trophic level 15 N enrichment, 45(3), 601–607.
• Cloern, J., Canuel, E., & Harris, D. (2002). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of aquatic and terrestrial plants of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system. Limnology And Oceanography, 47(3), 713–729. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0713
• Coat, S., Monti, D., Bouchon, C., & Lepoint, G. (2009). Trophic relationships in a tropical stream food web assessed by stable isotope analysis. Freshwater Biology, 54(5), 1028–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02149.x
• Coat, S., Monti, D., Legendre, P., Bouchon, C., Massat, F., & Lepoint, G. (2011). Organochlorine pollution in tropical rivers (Guadeloupe): Role of ecological factors in food web bioaccumulation. Environmental Pollution, 159(6), 1692–1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.036
• Cummins, K. W. (1973). Trophic relations of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 18(1), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.18.010173.001151
• Cummins, K. W., & Klug, M. J. (1979). Feeding Ecology of Stream Invertebrates. Annual Reviews Ecology and Systematics, 10, 147–172. https://doi.org/10.1146/132359
• Farahnak, A., Vafaie-Darian, R., Mobedi, I., Farahnak A, R Vafaie-Darian, & I Mobedi. (2006). A Faunistic Survey of Cercariae from Fresh Water Snails: Melanopsis spp. and their Role in Transmission Diseases. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 35(4), 70–74. Retrieved from http://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/IJPH/article/view/1798
• Fellerhoff, C. (2002). Feeding and growth of apple snail Pomacea lineata in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil - A stable isotope approach. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 38(4), 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/10256010208033268
• Fourqurean, J. W., & Schrlau, J. E. (2003). Changes in nutrient content and stable isotope ratios of C and N during decomposition of seagrasses and mangrove leaves along a nutrient availability gradient in Florida Bay, USA. Chemistry and Ecology, 19(5), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540310001609370
• Fry, B. (2006). Stable Isotope Ecology. Libro (Vol. XII). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33745-8
• Guo, L., Qiu, Y., Zhang, G., Zheng, G. J., Lam, P. K. S., & Li, X. (2008). Levels and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fishes from the Pearl River estuary and Daya Bay, South China. Environmental Pollution, 152(3), 604–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.067
• Heller, J., & Abotbol, A. (1997). Litter shredding in a desert oasis by the snail Melanopsis praemorsa . Hydrobiologia, 344(1991), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002998126349
• Hilderbrand, G., Farley, S., Robbins, C., Hanley, T., Titus, K., & Servheen, C. (1998). Use of stable isotopes to determine diets of living and extinct bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 2080–2088. https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-165
• Jonsson, M., & Malmqvist, B. (2000). Ecosystem process rate increases with animal species richness: Evidence from leaf-eating, aquatic insects. Oikos, 89(3), 519–523. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890311.x
• Kiriluk, R. M., Servos, M. R., Whittle, D. M., Cabana, G., & Rasmussen, J. B. (1995). Using ratios of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes to characterize the biomagnification of DDE, mirex, and PCB in a Lake Ontario pelagic food web. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 2660–2674. https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-855
• Lin, G. H., & Ehleringer, J. R. (1997). Carbon isotopic fractionation does not occur during dark respiration in C-3 and C-4. Plant Physiology, 114(1), 391–394.
• Masese, F. O., Kitaka, N., Kipkemboi, J., Gettel, G. M., Irvine, K., & Mcclain, M. E. (2014). Litter processing and shredder distribution as indicators of riparian and catchment influences on ecological health of tropical streams. Ecological Indicators, 46, 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.05.032
• McClelland, J. W., Valiela, I., & Michener, R. H. (1997). Nitrogen-stable isotope signatures in estuarine food webs: A record of increasing urbanization in coastal watersheds. Limnology and Oceanography, 42(5), 930–937. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.5.0930
• Melillo, J., Aber, J., Linkins, A., Ricca, A., Fry, B., & Nadelhoffer, K. (1998). Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: plant litter to soil organic matter. Plant and Soil, 115, 189–198. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02202587
• Nishida, M., & Sato, Y. (2015). Characteristics of the Relationship between Natural 15 N Abundances in Organic Rice and Soil. Plant Production Science, 18(2), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.18.180
• Peterson, B. J. (1999). Stable isotopes as tracers of organic matter input and transfer in benthic food webs: A review (TEACHING FILES). Acta Oecologica, 20(4), 479–487.
• Schweizer, M., Fear, J., & Cadisch, G. (1999). Isotopic (13C) fractionation during plant residue decomposition and its implications for soil organic matter studies. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 13(13), 1284–1290. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19990715)13:13<1284::AID-RCM578>3.0.CO;2-0
• Sokal, R. R., & Rohlf, F. (1995). Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research, (April 2013).
• Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., & Cushing, C. E. (1980). The River Continuum Concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 130–137.