Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis
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Digital tourism: A bibliometric study of trends and research

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 121 - 133
https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2025-10-1-121

Abstract

Digital advances are profoundly impacting consumer behaviour and industry dynamics, and the tourism sector stands to benefit significantly from these advances. This paper conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis focusing on the convergence of tourism and digitalisation. The study starts with the keywords ‘tourism’ and ‘digitalisation’ as the fundamental pillars of the study. With the help of a quantitative bibliometric analysis methodology, the current research seeks to delineate the prevalence and trajectory of these concepts within the scholarly literature. Using data from academic studies published between 2000 and 2024 and archived in the SCOPUS database, this study examines the development and prominence of relevant themes. The analysis identified 1437 studies. The number of studies conducted, especially after 2019, has increased significantly. When the keywords are analysed, the top three are ‘smart tourism,’ ‘big data,’ and ‘blockchain,’ respectively. When the link strength of the authors is examined, Chulmo Koo is in the first place, Dimitrios Buhalis is the most cited author, and among the journals, ‘Electronic Markets,’ ‘Tourism Review,’ and ’Sustainability’ are leading, respectively. In this context, some theoretical and practical suggestions are presented.

References

  • Adeola, O., & Evans, O. (2019). Digital tourism: Mobile phones, internet and tourism in Africa. Tourism Recreation Research, 44 (2): 190-202.
  • Akhtar, N., Khan, N., Mahroof Khan, M., Ashraf, S., Hashmi, M. S., Khan, M. M., & Hishan, S. S. (2021). Post-COVID 19 tourism: Will digital tourism replace mass tourism? Sustainability, 13(10), 5352.
  • Alrawadieh, Z., Alrawadieh, Z., & Cetin, G. (2021). Digital transformation and revenue management: Evidence from the hotel industry. Tourism Economics, 27(2), 328-345.
  • Asif, M., & Fazel, H. (2024). Digital technology in tourism: a bibliometric analysis of transformative trends and emerging research patterns. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 7(3),1615-1635.
  • Åström, F., Danell, R., Larsen, B., & Schneider, J. (2009). In F. Åström, R. Danell, B. Larsen, & J. Schneider (Eds.), Celebrating scholarly communication studies: A festschrift for Olle Persson at his 60th birthday (Vol. 05-S June 2009, pp. 5-7). International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics. http://www.issi-society.info/ollepersson60/ Accessed: 01/02/2024.
  • Balyalı, T. Ö., & İlhan, Ö. A. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of tourism and digitalisation researches with scientific mapping technique. Ahi Evran University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 9(1), 117-133.
  • Banescu, C., Boboc, C., Ghi?a, S., & Vasile, V. (2021). Tourism in digital era. In 7th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption, Foggia, Italy, 126-134.
  • Boas, Y. A. G. V. (2013). Overview of virtual reality technologies. In; Interactive Multimedia Conference (Issue 2013).
  • Bodkhe, U., Tanwar, S., Parekh, K., Khanpara, P., Tyagi, S., Kumar, N., & Alazab, M. (2020). Blockchain for industry 4.0: A comprehensive review. Ieee Access, 8, 79764-79800.
  • Boes, K., Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2015). Smart tourism destinations: Ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2), 108-124.
  • Bozkurt, İ., Deniz, G., & Günden, Y. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of publications within the scope of cultural heritage tourism and digitalisation. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University SBE Journal, Special Issue on Digitalisation. 166-184. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11787/7736. Accesed:12/01/2024
  • Buhalis, D. (2019). Technology in tourism-from information communication technologies to etourism and smart tourism towards ambient intelligence tourism: A perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 267-272.
  • Buhalis, D., & Deimezi, O. (2004). E-tourism developments in Greece: Information communication technologies adoption for the strategic management of the Greek tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(2), 103-130.
  • Çakır, O. (2020). Turizm işletmelerinde dijital dönüşüm. In Doğantan, E. (Ed.), Dijital turizm (pp. 91-117). Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Yayınları. Eskişehir.
  • Çubukçu, B. B., & Topçuoğlu, Ö. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of academic researches examining the relationship between digitalisation and productivity in tourism sector. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 58(1), 598-610.
  • Çuhadar, M., Demiray, G., Öztürk, M., & Alabacak, C. (2022). Artificial intelligence and robotics technologies in accommodation businesses: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 10(2), 1550-1580.
  • Dirik, D., Eryılmaz, İ., & Erhan, T. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of studies on post-truth concept with Vosviewer. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 4(2), 164-188. Doi: 10.54733/Smar.1271369
  • Doğantan, E. (2020). Turizmde dijital dönüşüm. In Doğantan, E. (Ed.), Dijital turizm (pp. 3-31). Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Yayınları. Eskişehir.
  • Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285-296.
  • Dülgaroğlu, O. (2021). Digitalisation in tourism: Smart tourism applications, digital tourism and tourism 4.0. Journal of Tourism and Business, 2(1), 1-15.
  • Ellegaard, O., & Wallin, J. A. (2015). The bibliometric analysis of scholarly production: How great is the impact? Scientometrics, 105, 1809-1831.
  • Gauthier, É. (1998). Bibliometric analysis of scientific and technological research: A user’s guide to the methodology.
  • Gössling, S. (2020). Technology, ICT and tourism: From big data to the big picture. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(5), 849-858.
  • Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic markets, 25, 179-188.
  • Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C., & Lamsfus, C. (2015). Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behaviour, 50, 558-563.
  • Happ, É., & Ivancsó-Horváth, Z. (2018). Digital tourism is the challenge of future-a new approach to tourism. Knowledge Horizons. Economics, 10(2), 9-16.
  • Iatsyshyn, A. V., Kovach, V. O., Romanenko, Y. O., Deinega, I. I., Iatsyshyn, A. V., Popov, O. O., & Lytvynova, S. H. (2020). Application of augmented reality technologies for preparation of specialists of new technological era.
  • https://elibrary.kdpu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3749
  • Ivanov, S. H., & Webster, C. (2017). Adoption of robots, artificial intelligence and service automation by travel, tourism and hospitality companies-a cost-benefit analysis. Artificial Intelligence and Service Automation by Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Companies-A Cost-Benefit Analysis.
  • https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3007577
  • Jansson, A. (2020). The Transmedia Tourist: A theory of how digitalisation reinforces the de-differentiation of tourism and social life. Tourist Studies, 20(4), 391-408.
  • Kalia, P., Mladenovic, D., & Acevedo-Duque, Á. (2022). Decoding the trends and the emerging research directions of digital tourism in the last three decades: a bibliometric analysis. Sage Open, 12(4), 1-23, 21582440221128179.
  • Kazandzhieva, V., & Santana, H. (2019). E-tourism: Definition, development and conceptual framework. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 67(4), 332-350.
  • Kulakoğlu Dilek, N., Kızılırmak, İ., & Dilek, S. E. (2018). Virtual reality or just reality? A swot analysis of the tourism industry. Journal of Tourismology, 4(1), 67-74.
  • Li, Y., Hu, C., Huang, C., & Duan, L. (2017). The concept of smart tourism in the context of tourism information services. Tourism Management, 58, 293-300.
  • Li, Z., Huo, M., Huo, T., & Luo, H. (2024). Digital tourism research: a bibliometric visualisation review (2002–2023) and research agenda. Tourism Review, 79(2), 273-289.
  • McBurney, M. K., & Novak, P. L. (2002). What is bibliometrics and why should you care? In; IEEE International Professional Communication Conference, 108-114.
  • Molz, J. G. (2012). Travel connections: Tourism, technology, and togetherness in a mobile world. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123096
  • Ozdemir, O., Dogru, T., Kizildag, M., & Erkmen, E. (2023). A critical reflection on digitalization for the hospitality and tourism industry: value implications for stakeholders. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(9), 3305-3321.
  • Pappas, N., Caputo, A., Pellegrini, M. M., Marzi, G., & Michopoulou, E. (2021). The complexity of decision-making processes and IoT adoption in accommodation smes. Journal of Business Research, 131, 573-583.
  • Pencarelli, T. (2020). The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry. Information Technology and Tourism, 22(3), 455-476.
  • Popkova, E. G., & Gulzat, K. (2020). Technological revolution in the 21 st century: digital society vs. artificial intelligence. In The 21st century from the positions of modern science: Intellectual, digital and innovative aspects (pp. 339-345). Springer International Publishing.
  • Prokopenko, O., Larina, Y., Chetveryk, O., Kravtsov, S., Rozhko, N., & Lorvi, I. (2019). Digital-toolkit for promoting tourist destinations. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(12), 4982-4987.
  • Roziqin, A., Kurniawan, A. S., Hijri, Y. S., & Kismartini, K. (2023). Research trends of digital tourism: a bibliometric analysis. Tourism Critiques: Practice and Theory, 4(1/2), 28-47.
  • Sánchez, A. D., Del Río, M. D. L. C., & García, J. Á. (2017). Bibliometric analysis of publications on wine tourism in the databases Scopus and Wos. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(1), 8-15.
  • Sigala, M., & Chalkiti, K. (2014). Investigating the exploitation of web 2.0 for knowledge management in the greek tourism industry: An utilisation-importance analysis. Computers in Human Behaviour, 30, 800-812.
  • Statista. (2023). Share of travel and tourism's total contribution to GDP worldwide in 2019 and 2023, with a forecast for 2024 and 2034. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1099933/travel-and-tourism-share-of-gdp/.
  • Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Nunkoo, R., & Dhir, A. (2023). Digitalisation and sustainability: Virtual reality tourism in a post pandemic world. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(11), 2564-2591.
  • Wei, L., & Ullah, S. (2022). International tourism, digital infrastructure, and co2 emissions: Fresh evidence from panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(24), 36273-36280.
  • Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2021). COVID-19: Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74-87.
  • Zeqiri, A., Dahmani, M., & Youssef, A. B. (2020). Digitalisation of the tourism industry: What are the impacts of the new wave of technologies. Balkan Economic Review, 2, 63-82.

Dijital turizm: Eğilimler ve araştırmalar üzerine bibliyometrik bir çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 121 - 133
https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2025-10-1-121

Abstract

Dijital gelişmeler tüketici davranışlarını ve sektör dinamiklerini derinden etkilemekte ve turizm sektörü bu gelişmelerden önemli ölçüde faydalanmaktadır. Bu makale, turizm ve dijitalleşmenin yakınsamasına odaklanan kapsamlı bir bibliyometrik analiz gerçekleştirmektedir. Çalışma, 'turizm' ve 'dijitalleşme' anahtar kelimeleri çalışmanın temel dayanakları olarak ele alınarak başlamaktadır. Mevcut araştırma, nicel bir bibliyometrik analiz metodolojisinin yardımıyla, bu kavramların akademik literatürdeki yaygınlığını ve yörüngesini tanımlamayı amaçlamaktadır. SCOPUS veri tabanında arşivlenen ve 2000 ile 2024 yılları arasında yayınlanan akademik çalışmalardan elde edilen verileri kullanan bu çalışma, ilgili temaların gelişimini ve öne çıkışını incelemektedir. Analiz sonucunda 1437 çalışma tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle 2019 yılından sonra yapılan çalışmaların sayısı önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler incelendiğinde ilk üç sırada sırasıyla 'akıllı turizm', 'büyük veri' ve 'blok zinciri' yer almaktadır. Yazarların bağlantı gücü incelendiğinde ise Chulmo Koo ilk sırada yer alırken, Dimitrios Buhalis en çok atıf alan yazar, dergiler arasında ise sırasıyla 'Electronic Markets', 'Tourism Review' ve 'Sustainability' başı çekiyor. Bu bağlamda, bazı teorik ve pratik öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Adeola, O., & Evans, O. (2019). Digital tourism: Mobile phones, internet and tourism in Africa. Tourism Recreation Research, 44 (2): 190-202.
  • Akhtar, N., Khan, N., Mahroof Khan, M., Ashraf, S., Hashmi, M. S., Khan, M. M., & Hishan, S. S. (2021). Post-COVID 19 tourism: Will digital tourism replace mass tourism? Sustainability, 13(10), 5352.
  • Alrawadieh, Z., Alrawadieh, Z., & Cetin, G. (2021). Digital transformation and revenue management: Evidence from the hotel industry. Tourism Economics, 27(2), 328-345.
  • Asif, M., & Fazel, H. (2024). Digital technology in tourism: a bibliometric analysis of transformative trends and emerging research patterns. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 7(3),1615-1635.
  • Åström, F., Danell, R., Larsen, B., & Schneider, J. (2009). In F. Åström, R. Danell, B. Larsen, & J. Schneider (Eds.), Celebrating scholarly communication studies: A festschrift for Olle Persson at his 60th birthday (Vol. 05-S June 2009, pp. 5-7). International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics. http://www.issi-society.info/ollepersson60/ Accessed: 01/02/2024.
  • Balyalı, T. Ö., & İlhan, Ö. A. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of tourism and digitalisation researches with scientific mapping technique. Ahi Evran University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 9(1), 117-133.
  • Banescu, C., Boboc, C., Ghi?a, S., & Vasile, V. (2021). Tourism in digital era. In 7th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption, Foggia, Italy, 126-134.
  • Boas, Y. A. G. V. (2013). Overview of virtual reality technologies. In; Interactive Multimedia Conference (Issue 2013).
  • Bodkhe, U., Tanwar, S., Parekh, K., Khanpara, P., Tyagi, S., Kumar, N., & Alazab, M. (2020). Blockchain for industry 4.0: A comprehensive review. Ieee Access, 8, 79764-79800.
  • Boes, K., Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2015). Smart tourism destinations: Ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2), 108-124.
  • Bozkurt, İ., Deniz, G., & Günden, Y. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of publications within the scope of cultural heritage tourism and digitalisation. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University SBE Journal, Special Issue on Digitalisation. 166-184. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11787/7736. Accesed:12/01/2024
  • Buhalis, D. (2019). Technology in tourism-from information communication technologies to etourism and smart tourism towards ambient intelligence tourism: A perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 267-272.
  • Buhalis, D., & Deimezi, O. (2004). E-tourism developments in Greece: Information communication technologies adoption for the strategic management of the Greek tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(2), 103-130.
  • Çakır, O. (2020). Turizm işletmelerinde dijital dönüşüm. In Doğantan, E. (Ed.), Dijital turizm (pp. 91-117). Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Yayınları. Eskişehir.
  • Çubukçu, B. B., & Topçuoğlu, Ö. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of academic researches examining the relationship between digitalisation and productivity in tourism sector. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 58(1), 598-610.
  • Çuhadar, M., Demiray, G., Öztürk, M., & Alabacak, C. (2022). Artificial intelligence and robotics technologies in accommodation businesses: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 10(2), 1550-1580.
  • Dirik, D., Eryılmaz, İ., & Erhan, T. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of studies on post-truth concept with Vosviewer. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 4(2), 164-188. Doi: 10.54733/Smar.1271369
  • Doğantan, E. (2020). Turizmde dijital dönüşüm. In Doğantan, E. (Ed.), Dijital turizm (pp. 3-31). Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Yayınları. Eskişehir.
  • Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285-296.
  • Dülgaroğlu, O. (2021). Digitalisation in tourism: Smart tourism applications, digital tourism and tourism 4.0. Journal of Tourism and Business, 2(1), 1-15.
  • Ellegaard, O., & Wallin, J. A. (2015). The bibliometric analysis of scholarly production: How great is the impact? Scientometrics, 105, 1809-1831.
  • Gauthier, É. (1998). Bibliometric analysis of scientific and technological research: A user’s guide to the methodology.
  • Gössling, S. (2020). Technology, ICT and tourism: From big data to the big picture. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(5), 849-858.
  • Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic markets, 25, 179-188.
  • Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C., & Lamsfus, C. (2015). Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behaviour, 50, 558-563.
  • Happ, É., & Ivancsó-Horváth, Z. (2018). Digital tourism is the challenge of future-a new approach to tourism. Knowledge Horizons. Economics, 10(2), 9-16.
  • Iatsyshyn, A. V., Kovach, V. O., Romanenko, Y. O., Deinega, I. I., Iatsyshyn, A. V., Popov, O. O., & Lytvynova, S. H. (2020). Application of augmented reality technologies for preparation of specialists of new technological era.
  • https://elibrary.kdpu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3749
  • Ivanov, S. H., & Webster, C. (2017). Adoption of robots, artificial intelligence and service automation by travel, tourism and hospitality companies-a cost-benefit analysis. Artificial Intelligence and Service Automation by Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Companies-A Cost-Benefit Analysis.
  • https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3007577
  • Jansson, A. (2020). The Transmedia Tourist: A theory of how digitalisation reinforces the de-differentiation of tourism and social life. Tourist Studies, 20(4), 391-408.
  • Kalia, P., Mladenovic, D., & Acevedo-Duque, Á. (2022). Decoding the trends and the emerging research directions of digital tourism in the last three decades: a bibliometric analysis. Sage Open, 12(4), 1-23, 21582440221128179.
  • Kazandzhieva, V., & Santana, H. (2019). E-tourism: Definition, development and conceptual framework. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 67(4), 332-350.
  • Kulakoğlu Dilek, N., Kızılırmak, İ., & Dilek, S. E. (2018). Virtual reality or just reality? A swot analysis of the tourism industry. Journal of Tourismology, 4(1), 67-74.
  • Li, Y., Hu, C., Huang, C., & Duan, L. (2017). The concept of smart tourism in the context of tourism information services. Tourism Management, 58, 293-300.
  • Li, Z., Huo, M., Huo, T., & Luo, H. (2024). Digital tourism research: a bibliometric visualisation review (2002–2023) and research agenda. Tourism Review, 79(2), 273-289.
  • McBurney, M. K., & Novak, P. L. (2002). What is bibliometrics and why should you care? In; IEEE International Professional Communication Conference, 108-114.
  • Molz, J. G. (2012). Travel connections: Tourism, technology, and togetherness in a mobile world. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123096
  • Ozdemir, O., Dogru, T., Kizildag, M., & Erkmen, E. (2023). A critical reflection on digitalization for the hospitality and tourism industry: value implications for stakeholders. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(9), 3305-3321.
  • Pappas, N., Caputo, A., Pellegrini, M. M., Marzi, G., & Michopoulou, E. (2021). The complexity of decision-making processes and IoT adoption in accommodation smes. Journal of Business Research, 131, 573-583.
  • Pencarelli, T. (2020). The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry. Information Technology and Tourism, 22(3), 455-476.
  • Popkova, E. G., & Gulzat, K. (2020). Technological revolution in the 21 st century: digital society vs. artificial intelligence. In The 21st century from the positions of modern science: Intellectual, digital and innovative aspects (pp. 339-345). Springer International Publishing.
  • Prokopenko, O., Larina, Y., Chetveryk, O., Kravtsov, S., Rozhko, N., & Lorvi, I. (2019). Digital-toolkit for promoting tourist destinations. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(12), 4982-4987.
  • Roziqin, A., Kurniawan, A. S., Hijri, Y. S., & Kismartini, K. (2023). Research trends of digital tourism: a bibliometric analysis. Tourism Critiques: Practice and Theory, 4(1/2), 28-47.
  • Sánchez, A. D., Del Río, M. D. L. C., & García, J. Á. (2017). Bibliometric analysis of publications on wine tourism in the databases Scopus and Wos. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(1), 8-15.
  • Sigala, M., & Chalkiti, K. (2014). Investigating the exploitation of web 2.0 for knowledge management in the greek tourism industry: An utilisation-importance analysis. Computers in Human Behaviour, 30, 800-812.
  • Statista. (2023). Share of travel and tourism's total contribution to GDP worldwide in 2019 and 2023, with a forecast for 2024 and 2034. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1099933/travel-and-tourism-share-of-gdp/.
  • Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Nunkoo, R., & Dhir, A. (2023). Digitalisation and sustainability: Virtual reality tourism in a post pandemic world. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(11), 2564-2591.
  • Wei, L., & Ullah, S. (2022). International tourism, digital infrastructure, and co2 emissions: Fresh evidence from panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(24), 36273-36280.
  • Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2021). COVID-19: Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74-87.
  • Zeqiri, A., Dahmani, M., & Youssef, A. B. (2020). Digitalisation of the tourism industry: What are the impacts of the new wave of technologies. Balkan Economic Review, 2, 63-82.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Contents
Authors

Ferhat Kurt 0000-0002-2327-5440

Volkan Genç 0000-0001-5887-0568

Early Pub Date February 7, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date March 22, 2024
Acceptance Date February 5, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kurt, F., & Genç, V. (2025). Digital tourism: A bibliometric study of trends and research. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism, 10(1), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2025-10-1-121



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