Research Article
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The impact of age and sex on clinical symptoms in low and intermediate-low risk pulmonary embolism

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 361 - 366, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1726762

Abstract

Aims: The diagnostic process of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) can be complex due to its wide spectrum of clinical presentations. The type and frequency of symptoms vary not only with the embolism risk category but also in relation to individual demographic factors such as age and sex. This study aims to evaluate the influence of demographic variables on clinical presentation by investigating the distribution of symptoms according to age and sex in patients with acute PTE classified as low or intermediate-low risk.
Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Emergency Department of Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital between February 1, 2020, and February 1, 2021. A total of 329 patients aged 18 years and older who were classified as low or intermediate-low risk according to the 2019 European Society of Cardiology guidelines were included in the study. The patients’ demographic characteristics and clinical symptoms were retrospectively analyzed. Symptom distributions were compared across different age and sex groups.
Results: The most frequently reported symptoms among patients were dyspnea (79.3%) and chest pain (53.7%). Leg pain and/ or swelling were significantly more common in younger male patients (26%, p=0.001), while presyncope was more frequently observed in older female patients (27.3%, p=0.001). Hemoptysis was found to be significantly less common in older female patients compared to other groups (8.2%, p=0.012).
Conclusion: The symptom profile in PTE varies significantly based on patients’ demographic characteristics. Our study suggests that recognizing these differences during the diagnostic process may help facilitate clinical management by preventing diagnostic delays, particularly in patient groups presenting with atypical symptoms.

References

  • Essien EO, Rali P, Mathai SC. Pulmonary Embolism. Med Clin North Am. 2019;103(3):549-564. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2018.12.013
  • Khandait H, Harkut P, Khandait V, Bang V. Acute pulmonary embolism: diagnosis and management. Indian Heart J. 2023;75(5):335-342. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2023.05.007
  • Ozsu S, Ozlü T, Bülbül Y. Ulusal verilerle pulmoner tromboemboli [Pulmonary thromboembolism based on the Turkish national data]. Tuberk Toraks. 2009;57(4):466-482.
  • Verma S, Talwar A, Talwar A, Khan S, Krishnasastry KV, Talwar A. Ortner's syndrome: a systematic review of presentation, diagnosis and management. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2023;12(3):141-147. doi:10.5582/irdr.2023.01047
  • Bikdeli B, Piazza G, Jimenez D, et al. Sex differences in presentation, risk factors, drug and interventional therapies, and outcomes of elderly patients with pulmonary embolism: rationale and design of the SERIOUS-PE study. Thromb Res. 2022;214:122-131. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2022.04.019
  • Bernhard M, Keymel S, Krüger S, Pin M. Akute dyspnoe [Acute dyspnea]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2023;148(5):253-267. doi:10.1055/a-1817-7578
  • Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the task force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019;54(3): 1901647. doi:10.1183/13993003.01647-2019
  • Cronin P, Dwamena BA. A clinically meaningful interpretation of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED) II and III data. Acad Radiol. 2018;25(5):561-572. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2017. 01.017
  • Keller K, Rappold L, Gerhold-Ay A, et al. Sex-specific differences in pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 2019;178:173-181. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.04.020
  • Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Luo J, Zhang J, Yan Q. Sex-based differences in the presentation and outcomes of acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tex Heart Inst J. 2023;50(4):e238113. doi:10. 14503/THIJ-23-8113
  • Lee YH, Cha SI, Shin KM, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with isolated pulmonary embolism. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2021;32(6):387-393. doi:10.1097/MBC.0000000000001050
  • Chen F, Xiong JX, Zhou WM. Differences in limb, age and sex of Chinese deep vein thrombosis patients. Phlebology. 2015;30(4):242-248. doi:10.1177/0268355514524192
  • Guler S, Olcay NO, Cat Bakır BG, Katırcı Y. Recurrent presyncope episodes in an elderly patient: pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(11):1719.e3-4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.064
  • Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vaidyanathan A, Mukarram M, Taljaard M. Outcomes in presyncope patients: a prospective cohort study. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;65(3):268-276.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.07.452
  • Lio KU, O'Corragain O, Bashir R, et al. Clinical outcomes and factors associated with pulmonary infarction following acute pulmonary embolism: a retrospective observational study at a US academic centre. BMJ Open. 2022;12(12):e067579. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067579
  • Pribish AM, Beyer SE, Krawisz AK, Weinberg I, Carroll BJ, Secemsky EA. Sex differences in presentation, management, and outcomes among patients hospitalized with acute pulmonary embolism. Vasc Med. 2020; 25(6):541-548. doi:10.1177/1358863X20964577

Düşük ve orta-düşük riskli pulmoner embolide yaş ve cinsiyetin klinik semptomlara etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 361 - 366, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1726762

Abstract

Amaç: Pulmoner tromboemboli (PTE), geniş bir klinik semptom yelpazesiyle seyretmesi nedeniyle tanı süreci karmaşık olabilen bir durumdur. Semptomların türü ve sıklığı yalnızca emboli risk düzeyiyle değil, aynı zamanda yaş ve cinsiyet gibi bireysel demografik faktörlerle de değişkenlik göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, akut PTE tanısı almış ve Avrupa Kardiyoloji Derneği’nin (ESC) 2019 kılavuzuna göre düşük veya orta-düşük risk grubunda yer alan hastalarda, semptomların yaş ve cinsiyete göre dağılımını inceleyerek demografik değişkenlerin klinik prezentasyon üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu retrospektif, kesitsel çalışma, 1 Şubat 2020 ile 1 Şubat 2021 tarihleri arasında Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Acil Servisi’nde gerçekleştirilmiştir. ESC 2019 kılavuzuna göre düşük veya orta-düşük risk kategorisinde sınıflandırılan, 18 yaş ve üzerindeki toplam 329 hasta çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Hastaların demografik özellikleri ve klinik semptomları geriye dönük olarak analiz edilmiştir. Semptom dağılımları farklı yaş ve cinsiyet grupları arasında karşılaştırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Hastalarda en sık bildirilen semptomlar nefes darlığı (%79,3) ve göğüs ağrısı (%53,7) olarak saptanmıştır. Bacak ağrısı ve/veya şişliği, genç erkek hastalarda anlamlı düzeyde daha sık görülmüştür (%26, p=0,001). Presenkop ise yaşlı kadın hastalarda daha yüksek oranda gözlenmiştir (%27,3, p=0,001). Hemoptizi, yaşlı kadınlarda diğer gruplara kıyasla anlamlı şekilde daha düşük oranda izlenmiştir (%8,2, p=0,012).
Sonuç: PTE’de semptom profili, hastaların demografik özelliklerine göre anlamlı farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, özellikle atipik semptomlarla başvuran hasta gruplarında tanı sürecinde bu farklılıkların dikkate alınmasının, tanı gecikmelerini önleyerek klinik yönetimi kolaylaştırabileceğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Essien EO, Rali P, Mathai SC. Pulmonary Embolism. Med Clin North Am. 2019;103(3):549-564. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2018.12.013
  • Khandait H, Harkut P, Khandait V, Bang V. Acute pulmonary embolism: diagnosis and management. Indian Heart J. 2023;75(5):335-342. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2023.05.007
  • Ozsu S, Ozlü T, Bülbül Y. Ulusal verilerle pulmoner tromboemboli [Pulmonary thromboembolism based on the Turkish national data]. Tuberk Toraks. 2009;57(4):466-482.
  • Verma S, Talwar A, Talwar A, Khan S, Krishnasastry KV, Talwar A. Ortner's syndrome: a systematic review of presentation, diagnosis and management. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2023;12(3):141-147. doi:10.5582/irdr.2023.01047
  • Bikdeli B, Piazza G, Jimenez D, et al. Sex differences in presentation, risk factors, drug and interventional therapies, and outcomes of elderly patients with pulmonary embolism: rationale and design of the SERIOUS-PE study. Thromb Res. 2022;214:122-131. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2022.04.019
  • Bernhard M, Keymel S, Krüger S, Pin M. Akute dyspnoe [Acute dyspnea]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2023;148(5):253-267. doi:10.1055/a-1817-7578
  • Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the task force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019;54(3): 1901647. doi:10.1183/13993003.01647-2019
  • Cronin P, Dwamena BA. A clinically meaningful interpretation of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED) II and III data. Acad Radiol. 2018;25(5):561-572. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2017. 01.017
  • Keller K, Rappold L, Gerhold-Ay A, et al. Sex-specific differences in pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 2019;178:173-181. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.04.020
  • Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Luo J, Zhang J, Yan Q. Sex-based differences in the presentation and outcomes of acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tex Heart Inst J. 2023;50(4):e238113. doi:10. 14503/THIJ-23-8113
  • Lee YH, Cha SI, Shin KM, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with isolated pulmonary embolism. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2021;32(6):387-393. doi:10.1097/MBC.0000000000001050
  • Chen F, Xiong JX, Zhou WM. Differences in limb, age and sex of Chinese deep vein thrombosis patients. Phlebology. 2015;30(4):242-248. doi:10.1177/0268355514524192
  • Guler S, Olcay NO, Cat Bakır BG, Katırcı Y. Recurrent presyncope episodes in an elderly patient: pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(11):1719.e3-4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.064
  • Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vaidyanathan A, Mukarram M, Taljaard M. Outcomes in presyncope patients: a prospective cohort study. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;65(3):268-276.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.07.452
  • Lio KU, O'Corragain O, Bashir R, et al. Clinical outcomes and factors associated with pulmonary infarction following acute pulmonary embolism: a retrospective observational study at a US academic centre. BMJ Open. 2022;12(12):e067579. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067579
  • Pribish AM, Beyer SE, Krawisz AK, Weinberg I, Carroll BJ, Secemsky EA. Sex differences in presentation, management, and outcomes among patients hospitalized with acute pulmonary embolism. Vasc Med. 2020; 25(6):541-548. doi:10.1177/1358863X20964577
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Respiratory Diseases, Emergency Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Emrah Arı 0000-0003-4006-380X

Maşide Arı 0000-0002-5078-3176

Submission Date June 25, 2025
Acceptance Date July 17, 2025
Early Pub Date August 30, 2025
Publication Date August 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Arı E, Arı M. The impact of age and sex on clinical symptoms in low and intermediate-low risk pulmonary embolism. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. August 2025;6(4):361-366. doi:10.47582/jompac.1726762

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Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS]



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