Sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of dopamine with one-step chronoamperometric synthesis of sulfur and phosphorus co-doped graphene oxide-based electrode
Abstract
As dopamine is an important neurotransmitter involved in neural signaling and certain diseases, it is crucial to detect it in patients to regulate bodily functions. In this study, novel S-doped, P-doped, and S,P-co-doped graphene oxide pencil graphite electrodes were prepared in a single step via the chronoamperometric method for use in a dopamine sensor. The anodic oxidation potentials of dopamine, uric acid, and caffeine were observed to be distinct from one another in the presence of the others by the fabricated S,P-co-doped GO/PGE. This enables its use as a new electrochemical sensor for the selective determination of DA, UA, and CAF. In a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4, the oxidation current increased linearly over the concentration range from 0.01 µM to 0.001 M DA. The limit of detection (LOD) obtained by DPV was 14.5 nM, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 48.5 nM. The applicability of the fabricated S,P-co-doped GO/PGE electrode was successfully demonstrated in the determination of DA in commercial pharmaceutical samples. Promising results were observed, with a recovery range of 100–105%, indicating that this could be a valuable platform for developing additional enzyme-free electrochemical sensors.
Keywords
References
- 1. Chen C, Ren J, Zhao P, Zhang J, Hu Y, Fei J. A novel dopamine electrochemical sensor based on a β-cyclodextrin/Ni-MOF/glassy carbon electrode. Microchem J. 2023 Nov 1;194:109328. Available from:
. - 2. Bai Q, Luo H, Yi X, Shi S, Wang L, Liu M, et al. Nitrogen-doped graphdiyne quantum-dots as an optical-electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of dopamine. Microchem J. 2022 Aug 1;179:107521. Available from:
. - 3. Nazari Z, Hadi Nematollahi M, Zareh F, Pouramiri B, Mehrabani M. An electrochemical sensor based on carbon quantum dots and ionic liquids for selective detection of dopamine. ChemistrySelect. 2023 Jan 23;8(3):e202203630. Available from:
. - 4. Deng C, Chen J, Wang M, Xiao C, Nie Z, Yao S. A novel and simple strategy for selective and sensitive determination of dopamine based on the boron-doped carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron. 2009 Mar 15;24(7):2091–4. Available from:
. - 5. Gümrükçü S, Özçeşmeci M, Koçyiğit N, Kaya K, Gül A, Şahin Y, et al. Synthesis, fabrication and characterization of 2-naphthyloxy group-substituted bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindoline and its derivatives as a positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery applications. Dalt Trans. 2023 Apr 25;52(16):5265–76. Available from:
. - 6. Kocyigit N, Dinc-Zor S, Yagci O, Arvas MB. Furoic acid-doped-over-oxidized poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based electrochemical sensor for selective, sensitive and concurrent quantification of paracetamol, codeine phosphate and caffeine in pharmaceutical formulation. J Mater Res. 2025 Feb 28;40(4):509–26. Available from:
. - 7. Kocyigit N, Gencten M, Sahin M, Sahin Y. A novel electrolytes for redox flow batteries: Cerium and chromium couples in aqueous system. Int J Energy Res. 2021 Sep 18;45(11):16176–88. Available from:
. - 8. Hacinecipoglu A V., Gencten M. High-performance binder-free supercapacitors based on electrochemically synthesized 2H-molybdenum disulfide/chlorine-doped graphene oxide (2H-MoS2/Cl-GO) composite electrodes. J Electroanal Chem. 2025 Jun 15;987:119112. Available from:
.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Electroanalytical Chemistry
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
August 13, 2026
Submission Date
October 4, 2025
Acceptance Date
March 2, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 2
