An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes

Ruaa Almotawa

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1868241

An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes

Abstract

The use of solventless synthetic methods is becoming important in green chemistry, as they allow the production of synthetic organic molecules in a way that is less environmentally harmful and requires less waste, energy, and impact than traditional solvent-mediated methods. In this review, the recent advances in the use of solventless synthetic routes to prepare monovalent complexes of coinage metals will be discussed. Moreover, the mechanistic information and structure-property relationships derived from solventless reactions compared to those conducted in solution will be highlighted. In addition to a comparison of the reaction pathways, product selectivity and the physical and chemical properties of coinage metal complexes prepared under solventless conditions, a discussion is provided of some of the different approaches that have been employed in the activation of coinage metals under solventless conditions. The various methods employed for solventless activation include microwave activation, photo-activation, thermal activation, activation using solid-gas, co-sublimation, and mechano-chemical grinding. Literature examples of the use of each of these methods will be presented, and a comparative evaluation of these methodologies is also provided. Solventless activation of low-valent coinage metals can be accomplished by the use of properly designed ligands, including phosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes, and cyclopentadiene-type ligands. This article addresses the impact of the use of these solventless activation methods on the efficiencies, yields, structural diversities, and functional properties of coinage metals, particularly in terms of their use as catalysts and material by-products. Current challenges associated with overall understanding of solventless studies are also discussed, alongside the potential of solventless methodologies in coordination chemistry and the future opportunities for sustainable synthesis of coinage metal complexes.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

University of Hafr Al Batin

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval was not required for this review article.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Inorganic Green Chemistry

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Ruaa Almotawa ^*
0000-0002-6181-7001
Saudi Arabia

Publication Date

August 22, 2026

Submission Date

January 20, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 19, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1868241

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA98DE43EJ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Almotawa, R. (2026). An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1868241

AMA

1.Almotawa R. An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes. JOTCSA. 2026;2026(2):1-15. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1868241

Chicago

Almotawa, Ruaa. 2026. “An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 (2): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1868241.

EndNote

Almotawa R (August 1, 2026) An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 2 1–15.

IEEE

[1]R. Almotawa, “An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes”, JOTCSA, vol. 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–15, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1868241.

ISNAD

Almotawa, Ruaa. “An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026/2 (August 1, 2026): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1868241.

JAMA

1.Almotawa R. An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes. JOTCSA. 2026;2026:1–15.

MLA

Almotawa, Ruaa. “An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, vol. 2026, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 1-15, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1868241.

Vancouver

1.Ruaa Almotawa. An Insight into Solventless Reaction Techniques of Monovalent Coinage Metal Complexes. JOTCSA. 2026 Aug. 1;2026(2):1-15. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1868241

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2) You may choose from Microsoft Word .DOC/.DOCX version and Libreoffice Writer .ODT version.

3) A common problem: Please make the numbers and orders of authors in your article stay the SAME at all times. Double check your authors and their orders when you are ready to submit your article. There has been much debate and please do NOT add or remove authors nor change their orders.

4) Please do not submit your works if you have not declared your reviewer suggestion forms. If it is, by any way, not possible to suggest reviewers at the submission stage, please do not forget to upload the suggestion forms to the Files tab. Also important is that reviewers working in the same department of the author will not accepted and therefore cannot be suggested. Additionally, you cannot select two reviewers working at the same department.

5) Kindly direct your queries about the state of your manuscripts to the section editor. They control the flow of the manuscript, so they know better about it.

Please do not hesitate to contact the managing editor at jotcsa@turchemsoc.org for anything else you wonder about publishing your paper.

Additional Information of the Guide for the Authors, for Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry (JOTCSA)

The journal management recommends that all authors (not only the corresponding author) register to ORCID at https://orcid.org/register and get a free ORCID ID. The registration process takes about only a couple of minutes. The corresponding author will complete the document of ORCID ID and e-mail addresses for editorial use. CTRL-clicking on the ORCID image next to the author name will enable the reader to view the ORCID profile of the given author. Please also note that you may not give the same ORCID ID to one or more authors in your article.

We prefer that the authors use "Zotero" (https://www.zotero.org/, free of charge) or "Endnote" (https://www.endnote.com/, commercial), or similar online software like Mendeley (https://www.mendeley.com/?interaction_required=true, free of charge), for the generation of bibliographic list and citations. We are using the "Vancouver" citation style, which is available in all softwares mentioned above. After preparation of the article, please use the "convert citations to text" feature of the reference manager you use.

We are using Intihal.net (formerly, we used iThenticate) plagiarism software and our maximum allowed score for the document is, depending on the conditions of the article, about 20-25%. We look at the document and if we see a pattern of plagiarism, we return the document. If not, we continue the process. In cases with high similarity, it is recommended that the author works with article editing firms to lower the score. In this case, a language editing certificate is handy. A single similarity index cannot be higher than 5%, please reduce the similarity of a given entity less than 5%.

Please do not submit PDF copies of your articles for preliminary control. We accept Microsoft Word DOC, Microsoft Word DOCX, and LibreOffice ODT. We directly work on the manuscript, forming changes that are trackable.

Please do not submit your work again from the very beginning, if the management requires that you prepare a revision. Just browse to your existing submission and use the upload module to upload the newer version. If you are stuck, please send the revised article with an e-mail to the managing editor at jotcsa@turchemsoc.org.

Our journal will use, beginning from 10(1), a manual heading-based system with numbers, like 1. INTRODUCTION, 2.1. Materials and Methods, etc. More information will be found in the template file.

You may download the article templates, depending on your word processor, from the link below. Kindly recall that we do not have any LaTeX templates for now:

📝 article_template_word.docx
(please contact the editorial office at jotcsa@turchemsoc.org for open document, ODT, form of this file).

📝 APC_CONSENT_FORM.docx

*Potential reviewer recommendation form

Reaction schemes usually used for reactions and related material will use Arial or Verdana, preferably at 9 or 10 points, inside the figures. Our journal recommends that authors use "Chemdraw" or "ChemSketch" or "MarvinSketch" softwares. Directly pasting from the drawing application into the word processor software is NOT recommended. Please use the "paste special" feature to paste it as a metafile image.

Citing: Our journal uses a number-based reference system, and the number is given in normal parenthesis like (17). Other examples include (1-3, 17), (1-3, 17, 19-21), etc. The above-mentioned reference managers have the required tools to create citations in the text. When inserting a new paragraph, the manager will safely rearrange the citations, refreshing the numbers.

For presentation of proton or carbon nuclear magnetic resonance data, please see the article template above.

The words Scheme 1, Figure 1, etc., will have a full stop at the end of the caption. The caption text will be centered on the page.

Supplementary information: The authors are encouraged to use supplementary information, for detailing the study with spectral data, crystal structure refinement data, and other types of material should you recommend including. All types of synthetic procedures will be included in the main text. Supplementary files will be added as a new file by the editors.

Usage of the units: The units will be, where possible, SI-based and the style g/mL will be preferred over g.mL-1. Please do not mix these two and apply consistency throughout the manuscript about using the units.

1. Publication Ethics

The Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry (JOTCSA) is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and follows the principles and best practice guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). All parties involved in the publication process—including authors, editors, reviewers, and the publisher—are expected to adhere to these ethical standards.

The journal does not tolerate plagiarism, data fabrication, data falsification, duplicate publication, inappropriate authorship, or any other form of research or publication misconduct. Suspected ethical violations are handled in accordance with COPE guidelines.

2. Editorial Responsibilities

The Editor-in-Chief has overall responsibility for the editorial management of the journal. Manuscripts are assigned to Section Editors (please see the Editorial Board page for details), who oversee the peer-review process and make recommendations based solely on scientific merit.

Editors evaluate submissions objectively without discrimination based on race, gender, nationality, institutional affiliation, or personal beliefs. Editorial decisions are based on originality, scientific quality, methodological soundness, ethical compliance, and relevance to the journal's scope.

Editors maintain the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts and avoid handling manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest.

3. Author Responsibilities

Authors are responsible for submitting original research that has not been published previously and is not under consideration elsewhere.

All listed authors must have made substantial scientific contributions to the work and approve the final version of the manuscript before submission.

Authors are responsible for the accuracy of the data presented and must disclose any financial or non-financial conflicts of interest. Any errors identified after publication should be reported promptly to the editorial office.

4. Reviewer Responsibilities

Reviewers provide independent, objective, and constructive evaluations of submitted manuscripts.

Reviewers should accept review invitations only when they have the appropriate expertise and can complete the review within the requested timeframe. Manuscripts under review must be treated as confidential documents.

Reviewers should disclose any potential conflicts of interest and decline the review if such conflicts could affect their impartiality.

5. Peer Review Process

JOTCSA operates a double-blind external peer-review system.

Following an initial editorial screening, each manuscript is assigned by the Editor-in-Chief to a Section Editor, who manages the peer-review process.

The Section Editor invites at least two independent external reviewers with expertise in the manuscript's subject areas. Reviewers are selected based on their scientific expertise and must have no conflicts of interest with the authors. Reviewers are not selected from the same institution as the corresponding author whenever possible.

The Section Editor oversees the review process but does not normally act as a reviewer. Editorial decisions are based on reviewers' reports, the editor's evaluation, and the scientific quality of the manuscript.

Possible editorial decisions include:

Accept
Minor Revision
Major Revision
Reject

6. Research Ethics (Human & Animal Studies)

Research involving human participants or animals must comply with internationally accepted ethical standards and applicable national regulations.

Studies involving human participants must have received approval from an appropriate ethics committee and be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent must be obtained where applicable.

Studies involving animals must have received approval from the relevant institutional animal ethics committee and comply with internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare.

Authors should provide ethics approval information within the manuscript.

7. Conflicts of Interest

Authors, editors, and reviewers must disclose any financial, professional, or personal relationships that could influence the objectivity of the publication process.

Authors should include a Conflict of Interest Statement in their manuscripts. If no conflicts exist, authors should state:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Editors and reviewers with conflicts of interest will not participate in the editorial or peer-review process for the affected manuscript.

8. Plagiarism and Similarity Checks

All submitted manuscripts undergo similarity screening using plagiarism detection software before peer review.

Similarity reports are evaluated by the editorial team. A similarity score alone does not determine editorial decisions; editors assess the nature, extent, and context of any textual overlap.

Manuscripts containing plagiarism, duplicate publication, manipulated images, or other forms of publication misconduct will be rejected or, if already published, handled according to COPE recommendations.

9. Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern

The journal follows COPE recommendations for post-publication corrections.

Corrections may be published when errors affecting the accuracy or clarity of a published article are identified.

Retractions are issued when findings are shown to be unreliable due to major errors or research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate publication, or unethical research.

Expressions of Concern may be published when serious concerns arise regarding a published article but conclusive evidence is not yet available.

All corrections, retractions, and editorial notices are permanently linked to the original article to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.

10. Copyright & Licensing

Authors retain copyright of their published work.

Articles published in JOTCSA are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.

This license permits users to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes, provided appropriate credit is given to the original authors and source, no modifications are made, and the license terms are respected.

Editor-in-Chief

Hasan KÜÇÜKBAY

Organic Chemistry

Section Editor: Analytical Chemistry

F. Zehra KÜÇÜKBAY

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Spectrometry, Instrumental Methods, Separation Science

Section Editor: Biochemistry

ST

Sevim TUNALI

Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry (Other)

Simla OLĞAÇ

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine

Section Editor: Computational Chemistry

Fatih Mehmet AVCU

Deep Learning, Supervised Learning, Machine Learning Algorithms, Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Spectrometry, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry

Houssem BOULEBD

Organic Chemical Synthesis, Free Radical Chemistry, Computational Chemistry

Tugba TAŞKIN TOK

Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Nanochemistry, Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (Other), Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry, Biomolecular Modelling and Design

Section Editor: Crystallography

Sibel Demir KANMAZALP

Molecular Docking, Crystallography, Physical Organic Chemistry, Computational Chemistry, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (Other)

Section Editor: Electrochemistry

Yücel KADIOGLU

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Spectrometry, Instrumental Methods, Metabolomic Chemistry

Section Editor: Food Chemistry

Özge SÜFER

Food Sciences, Food Chemistry and Food Sensory Science, Grain Technology, Drying Technologies, Basic Food Processes

Section Editor: Forensic Chemistry

Orhan DESTANOĞLU

Analytical Spectrometry, Instrumental Methods, Quality Assurance, Chemometrics, Traceability and Metrological Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry (Other), Forensic Chemistry

Section Editor: Inorganic Chemistry

Dursun Ali KÖSE

Chemical Sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Non-Metal Chemistry, Main Group Metal Chemistry, Bioinorganic Chemistry, F-Block Chemistry, Transition Metal Chemistry, Inorganic Green Chemistry, Solid State Chemistry, Crystallography, Metal Cluster Chemistry, Metal Organic Frameworks, Inorganic Chemistry (Other), Forensic Chemistry, Water Treatment Processes

Altuğ Mert SEVIM

Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions, Inorganic Chemistry, Transition Metal Chemistry, Inorganic Materials, Photovoltaic Devices (Solar Cells), Solar Energy Systems

Section Editor: Organic Chemistry

Davit JISHKARIANI

Nanochemistry, Supramolecular Chemistry, Organic Chemical Synthesis, Materials Science and Technologies

FC

Fabrizio CARTA

Characterisation of Biological Macromolecules, Biologically Active Molecules, Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry (Other), Health Sciences

Melike KALKAN

Analytical Spectrometry, Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions, Organic Chemistry

Hasan KÜÇÜKBAY

Organic Chemistry

Section Editor: Pharmaceutical chemistry

Anıl YILMAZ

Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds, Organic Chemical Synthesis, Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry (Other)

Manisha PATIL

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Section Editor: Photochemistry

Baybars KÖKSOY

Photochemistry, Organic Chemistry

Mücahit ÖZDEMIR

Chemical Sciences, Inorganic Chemistry (Other)

Section Editor: Physical Chemistry

Sinem GOKTURK

Chemical Sciences, Analytical Spectrometry, Physical Chemistry, Solution Chemistry, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Reaction Kinetics and Dynamics, Physical Chemistry (Other)