Research Article

Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications

Volume: 2026 Number: 2 October 1, 2026
  • Abiola Ilori *
  • Alaba Joseph Adebayo
  • Olanrewaju Ajanaku
  • Rachel Ibhade Obed
  • Naven Chetty

Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications

Abstract

Lignin-derived furan polyurethane foams represent a promising class of sustainable polymeric materials for insulation and structural applications. Beyond conventional physicochemical performance, the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides in biomass-derived feedstocks necessitates evaluation as part of material safety characterization. This study investigates the influence of formulation parameters on the radiological properties of lignin-based furan polyurethane foams synthesized from lignin-derived polyol (hydroxyl number 450 mg KOH g⁻¹) and furfuryl alcohol. Foam systems were prepared with varying glyoxal hardener (5–15%), water blowing agent (2–4%), and zinc acetate additive (1%), followed by controlled curing at 80°C. Gamma spectrometric analysis using a NaI(Tl) detector was employed to quantify activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K. The results showed mean activities of 16.02, 7.76, and 480.71 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively, with 40K predominating due to the biomass origin of the precursor materials. Formulation-dependent variations were observed, with increasing glyoxal content reducing 226Ra and 232Th concentrations, suggesting compositional control over radionuclide incorporation. Radiological indices, including absorbed dose, annual effective dose, and radium equivalent activity, were evaluated to assess material safety. All values remained below internationally recommended limits, confirming negligible radiological risk. The findings demonstrate that radiological characteristics can serve as complementary parameters in the chemical design and optimization of bio-based polyurethane systems. This work provides insight into integrating sustainability with safety considerations in advanced polymer formulation.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this study does not involve human participants, animal subjects, or clinical trials. Therefore, ethical approval was not required. All experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with relevant institutional and international guidelines for the safe handling and analysis of materials. The authors further confirm that the research is original, has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Polymerisation Mechanisms, Organic Green Chemistry, Radiation and Matter

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Alaba Joseph Adebayo This is me
Nigeria

Olanrewaju Ajanaku This is me
Nigeria

Rachel Ibhade Obed This is me
Nigeria

Naven Chetty This is me
South Africa

Publication Date

October 1, 2026

Submission Date

April 18, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 27, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 2

APA
Ilori, A., Adebayo, A. J., Ajanaku, O., Obed, R. I., & Chetty, N. (2026). Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1933042
AMA
1.Ilori A, Adebayo AJ, Ajanaku O, Obed RI, Chetty N. Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications. JOTCSA. 2026;2026(2):1-9. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1933042
Chicago
Ilori, Abiola, Alaba Joseph Adebayo, Olanrewaju Ajanaku, Rachel Ibhade Obed, and Naven Chetty. 2026. “Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 (2): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1933042.
EndNote
Ilori A, Adebayo AJ, Ajanaku O, Obed RI, Chetty N (October 1, 2026) Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 2 1–9.
IEEE
[1]A. Ilori, A. J. Adebayo, O. Ajanaku, R. I. Obed, and N. Chetty, “Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications”, JOTCSA, vol. 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–9, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1933042.
ISNAD
Ilori, Abiola - Adebayo, Alaba Joseph - Ajanaku, Olanrewaju - Obed, Rachel Ibhade - Chetty, Naven. “Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026/2 (October 1, 2026): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1933042.
JAMA
1.Ilori A, Adebayo AJ, Ajanaku O, Obed RI, Chetty N. Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications. JOTCSA. 2026;2026:1–9.
MLA
Ilori, Abiola, et al. “Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, vol. 2026, no. 2, Oct. 2026, pp. 1-9, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1933042.
Vancouver
1.Abiola Ilori, Alaba Joseph Adebayo, Olanrewaju Ajanaku, Rachel Ibhade Obed, Naven Chetty. Formulation-Dependent Radiological Characteristics of Lignin-Based Furan Polyurethane Foams for Sustainable Material Applications. JOTCSA. 2026 Oct. 1;2026(2):1-9. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1933042