Research Article

Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis

Volume: 2026 Number: 2 September 10, 2026

Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis

Abstract

The effect of nano-Fe2O3 on the structural transformation, thermal behavior, product distribution, and gas-phase hydrocarbon composition of pine wood waste during torrefaction was investigated. Torrefaction experiments were performed in a fixed-bed tubular reactor at 300 °C for 5 min under a continuous nitrogen atmosphere at 4 atm. Experiments were conducted using pine wood waste without the iron oxide additive and after homogeneous mixing with nano-Fe2O3 at a loading of 7 wt.% relative to the initial biomass mass. The structural changes in the biomass and recovered solid products were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), while the morphology and elemental composition of the iron oxide-containing material were examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The thermal behavior of the biomass was evaluated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTG/DTA), and the detected gas-phase hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that torrefaction caused pronounced changes in the oxygen-containing and aliphatic functional groups of pine wood waste, with differences observed between the non-catalytic and nano-Fe2O3-assisted treatments. TGA/DTG/DTA analysis indicated that the principal thermal transformation of the biomass occurred within the 200–380 °C range, with the maximum overall mass-loss rate observed at 322.8 °C. The addition of nano-Fe2O3 was associated with a decrease in the recovered solid fraction from 72.17 ± 0.47 to 66.80 ± 0.98 wt.% and an increase in the gaseous fraction from 27.83 ± 0.47 to 33.20 ± 0.98 wt.%. The gas-phase chromatographic results, expressed as normalized chromatographic peak-area percentages (Norm. %), showed that the relative contribution of methane increased from 34.2% to 39.8%. The relative contributions of the C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 fractions decreased from 15.7%, 14.5%, 14.9%, 11.9%, and 5.4% to 13.4%, 11.8%, 12.5%, 9.7%, and 4.8%, respectively, whereas the C6⁺ fraction increased from 3.4% to 8.0%. The results indicate that nano-Fe2O3 influenced the structural transformation and solid–gas product distribution of pine wood waste and modified the relative composition of the detected gas-phase hydrocarbon fractions under the applied torrefaction conditions. The principal novelty of this study lies in the combined evaluation of the structural, thermal, and gas-phase compositional changes associated with nano-Fe2O3 -assisted torrefaction of pine wood waste.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Physical Organic Chemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 10, 2026

Submission Date

June 24, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 2

APA
Hasankhanova, N., Nasirov, F., Dadashova, N., Rafiyeva, S., Bakhshiyeva, V., Ferhadova, R., Alizada, R., & Hasanova, F. (2026). Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1978047
AMA
1.Hasankhanova N, Nasirov F, Dadashova N, et al. Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis. JOTCSA. 2026;2026(2):1-12. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1978047
Chicago
Hasankhanova, Nadira, Fuzuli Nasirov, Narmin Dadashova, et al. 2026. “Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 (2): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1978047.
EndNote
Hasankhanova N, Nasirov F, Dadashova N, Rafiyeva S, Bakhshiyeva V, Ferhadova R, Alizada R, Hasanova F (September 1, 2026) Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 2 1–12.
IEEE
[1]N. Hasankhanova et al., “Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis”, JOTCSA, vol. 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–12, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1978047.
ISNAD
Hasankhanova, Nadira - Nasirov, Fuzuli - Dadashova, Narmin - Rafiyeva, Sevda - Bakhshiyeva, Vusala - Ferhadova, Rehime - Alizada, Rufana - Hasanova, Fidan. “Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026/2 (September 1, 2026): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1978047.
JAMA
1.Hasankhanova N, Nasirov F, Dadashova N, Rafiyeva S, Bakhshiyeva V, Ferhadova R, Alizada R, Hasanova F. Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis. JOTCSA. 2026;2026:1–12.
MLA
Hasankhanova, Nadira, et al. “Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, vol. 2026, no. 2, Sept. 2026, pp. 1-12, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1978047.
Vancouver
1.Nadira Hasankhanova, Fuzuli Nasirov, Narmin Dadashova, Sevda Rafiyeva, Vusala Bakhshiyeva, Rehime Ferhadova, Rufana Alizada, Fidan Hasanova. Nano-Fe2O3 Assisted Torrefaction of Pine Wood Waste: Structural Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Gaseous Hydrocarbon Analysis. JOTCSA. 2026 Sep. 1;2026(2):1-12. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1978047