Acil Uzaktan Eğitim Sürecinde Akademisyenlerin Teknoloji Kullanımı, Materyal Kullanımı ve Öğretim Stratejileri Açısından Kazanımları
Year 2025,
Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 134 - 148, 31.12.2025
Veysel Şahin
,
Ömer Arpacık
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı, yükseköğretimdeki Acil Uzaktan Eğitim (AUE) süreçlerinin önemli bir parçası olan akademisyenlerin; COVID-19 salgını sırasında teknoloji kullanımı, materyal kullanımı ve öğretim stratejileri konularındaki edinimlerini ve yetkinliklerini analiz etmektir. Araştırma, nitel metodoloji kapsamında durum çalışması deseniyle yürütülmüştür. Araştırma kapsamında, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’ndeki dört farklı devlet üniversitesinden 20 akademisyen ölçüt örnekleme tekniğiyle belirlenmiştir. Bu akademisyenlerle yapılan mülakatların büyük bölümü video konferans sistemleri üzerinden senkronize olarak, bir akademisyen ile ise yazılı e-posta aracılığıyla yapılmıştır. Toplanan veriler, Maxqda 2020 nitel veri analizi programı yardımıyla içerik analizi yöntemi ile çözümlenmiştir. Baran ve Correia tarafından önerilen mesleki gelişim çerçevesi ışığında yorumlanan bulgular, akademisyenlerin teknoloji kullanımı, materyal hazırlama ve öğretim stratejilerini uygulama konularında yetkinlik edindiklerini göstermiştir. Ancak, teknik araç kullanımına yönelik kazanımların, pedagojik materyal geliştirme ve öğretim stratejileri (etkileşim ve pedagojik uyarlamalar) alanındaki kazanımlara göre daha baskın bir seviyede olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu kazanımların ana kaynakları arasında kişisel çaba ve merak, sosyal çevre ve akranlarla yapılan paylaşımlar yer almaktadır. Nihai değerlendirme, akademisyenlerin teknik becerilerde gelişim gösterdiğini ancak bu sürecin henüz tam bir pedagojik dönüşüme evrilmediğini ve kurumsal politikalar ile akran mentörlüğü gibi destek mekanizmalarına ihtiyaç duyulduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
Thanks
Bu çalışma, Veysel Şahin'in 2022 yılında Atatürk Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Eğitimi Anabilim Dalında tamamladığı yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir.
References
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A. İşman, Uzaktan eğitim: Genel tanımı, Türkiye'deki gelişimi, proje değerlendirmeleri. İstanbul, Türkiye: Değişim Yayınları, 1998.
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L. A. Schlosser and M. Simonson, Distance education: Definition and glossary of terms. Bloomington, IN, USA: Assoc. Educ. Commun. Technol., 2002. Accessed: Dec. 27, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://u.cs.biu.ac.il/~franka2/download/de666/resources/simonson_course_presentations/DE_definition_glossay.pdf
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T. J. Newby, D. A. Stepich, J. D. Lehman, and J. D. Russell, Educational technology for teaching and learning, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2006.
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C. Hodges, S. Moore, B. Lockee, T. Trust, and A. Bond, “The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning,” Educause Review, vol. 27, pp. 1–12, 2020.
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A. Bozkurt et al., “A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 Pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis,” Asian J. Distance Educ., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–126, 2020, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3878572.
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A. Bozkurt, “Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemi süreci ve pandemi sonrası dünyada eğitime yönelik değerlendirmeler: Yeni normal ve yeni eğitim paradigması,” Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 112–142, 2020.
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E. Baran and A. P. Correia, “A professional development framework for online teaching,” TechTrends, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 95–101, 2014.
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UNESCO, “Distance learning strategies: What do we know about effectiveness? COVID-19 Education Webinar #5 Concept Note,” 2020. Accessed: Dec. 26, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/unesco-covid-19_ed-webinar-5-concept-note-en.pdf
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A. Yıldırım and H. Şimşek, Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, 6th ed. Ankara, Türkiye: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2008.
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A. Yıldırım, “Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinin temel özellikleri ve eğitim araştırmalarındaki yeri ve önemi,” Eğitim ve Bilim, vol. 23, no. 112, pp. 7–17, 1999.
-
Ş. Büyüköztürk, E. Kılıç Çakmak, Ö. E. Akgün, Ş. Karadeniz, and F. Demirel, Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara, Türkiye: Pegem Yayınları, 2008.
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M. B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage, 1994.
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E. Demir, “Uzaktan eğitime genel bir bakış,” Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 39, 2014.
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D. T. K. Ng, A. C. H. Ching, and S. W. Law, “Online learning in management education amid the pandemic: A bibliometric and content analysis,” The International Journal of Management Education, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 100796, 2023.
-
T. K. Ng, R. Reynolds, M. Y. H. Chan, X. Li, and S. K. W. Chu, “Business (teaching) as usual amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of online teaching practice in Hong Kong,” Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, vol. 19, pp. 775–802, 2020.
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G. Fauville et al., “Video-conferencing usage dynamics and nonverbal mechanisms exacerbate Zoom Fatigue, particularly for women,” Computers in Human Behavior Reports, vol. 10, p. 100271, 2023.
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R. Hasan and R. Hasan, “Threat model and security analysis of video conferencing systems as a communication paradigm during the COVID-19 pandemic,” in Novel AI and Data Science Advancements for Sustainability in the Era of COVID-19. London, U.K.: Academic Press, 2022, pp. 181–199.
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Y. H. S. Al-Mamary, “Understanding the use of learning management systems by undergraduate university students using the UTAUT model: Credible evidence from Saudi Arabia,” Int. J. Inf. Manage. Data Insights, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 100092, 2022.
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R. S. Ascough, “Designing for online distance education: Putting pedagogy before technology,” Teaching Theology & Religion, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 17–29, 2002.
-
N. Bahar, S. N. Wahab, and N. D. Ahmad, “Understanding challenges faced in online teaching and learning among Malaysian universities' instructors during COVID-19 pandemic,” in Proc. 2020 6th Int. Conf. e-Learning (econf), 2020, pp. 154–157, doi: 10.1109/econf51404.2020.9385474.
-
C. Alkan, Eğitim teknolojisi, 5th ed. Ankara, Türkiye: Anı Yayıncılık, 1997.
-
A. Khamparia and B. Pandey, “Impact of interactive multimedia in E-learning technologies: Role of multimedia in E-learning,” in Digital multimedia: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global, 2018, pp. 1087–1110.
-
C. Rapanta, L. Botturi, P. Goodyear, L. Guàrdia, and M. Koole, “Balancing technology, pedagogy and the new normal: Post-pandemic challenges for higher education,” Postdigital Science and Education, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 715–742, 2021.
-
B. Kantoğlu, O. Torkul, and R. Altunışık, “E-öğrenmede öğrenci memnuniyetini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesine yönelik model önerisi,” Business & Economics Research Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 121, 2013.
-
N. Cuellar, “The transition from classroom to online teaching,” Nursing Forum, vol. 37, no. 3, ss. 5–13, 2002.
-
Y. Yang and L. F. Cornelious, “Preparing instructors for quality online instruction,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2005.
-
T. Anderson and F. Elloumi, Eds., Theory and practice of online learning. Athabasca, AB, Canada: Athabasca Univ. Press, 2004.
-
G. Piccoli, R. Ahmad, and B. Ives, “Web-based virtual learning environments: A research framework and a preliminary assessment of effectiveness in basic IT skills training,” MIS Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 401–426, 2001.
-
R. M. Branch, Instructional design: The ADDIE approach. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2009.
-
K. M. Kapp, The gamification of learning and instruction: Game-based methods and strategies for training and education. San Francisco, CA, USA: Wiley, 2012.
-
S. Akbaba, “Eğitimde motivasyon,” Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, no. 13, pp. 343–361, 2006.
-
A. W. Muzaffar, M. Tahir, M. W. Anwar, Q. Chaudry, S. R. Mir, and Y. Rasheed, “A systematic review of online exams solutions in e-learning: Techniques, tools, and global adoption,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 32689–32712, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3060582.
-
F. Noorbehbahani, A. Mohammadi, and M. Aminazadeh, “A systematic review of research on cheating in online exams from 2010 to 2021,” Educ. Inf. Technol., vol. 27, pp. 8413–8460, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10639-022-10927-7.
-
J. A. Serwatka, “Internet distance learning: How do I put my course on the web,” The Journal, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 71–75, 1999.
-
M. R. Olt, “Ethics and distance education: Strategies for minimizing academic dishonesty in online assessment,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–7, 2002.
-
P. Kugel, “How professors develop as teachers,” Studies in Higher Education, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 315–328, 1993.
-
S. W. Schmidt, E. M. Hodge, and C. M. Tschida, “How university faculty members developed their online teaching skills,” Quarterly Review of Distance Education, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 131–140, 2013.
-
P. Deubel, “Learning from reflections–issues in building quality online courses,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–17, 2003.
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S. A. Lloyd, M. M. Byrne, and T. S. McCoy, “Faculty-perceived barriers of online education,” Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2012.
Gains of Academicians in the Terms of Technology Usage, Material Usage and Instructional Strategies During Emergency Distance Education Process
Year 2025,
Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 134 - 148, 31.12.2025
Veysel Şahin
,
Ömer Arpacık
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the acquisitions and competencies of academics-who constitute a vital component of Emergency Distance Education (EDE) processes in higher education-regarding technology use, material development, and instructional strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted using a case study design within the scope of qualitative methodology. Within the scope of the research, 20 academics from four different state universities in the Eastern Anatolia Region were identified using the criterion sampling technique. Most of the interviews with these participants were conducted synchronously via video conferencing systems, while one interview was carried out through written correspondence via e-mail. The collected data were analyzed using the content analysis method with the assistance of the Maxqda 2020 qualitative data analysis software. The findings, interpreted within the framework of professional development models such as Baran and Correia, demonstrated that academics acquired competencies in utilizing technologies, preparing educational materials, and implementing instructional strategies. However, the acquisitions in technical technology use were found to be at a more dominant level compared to the competencies in pedagogical material development and instructional strategies (interaction and pedagogical adaptations). The primary sources of these acquisitions include personal effort and curiosity, social networks, and interactions with peers. The final evaluation revealed that while academics developed technical competencies, this process has not yet evolved into a fully integrated pedagogical transformation, highlighting a need for systematic institutional policies and peer mentoring.
Thanks
This study is derived from Veysel Şahin's master's thesis, completed in 2022 at Atatürk University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies.
References
-
A. İşman, Uzaktan eğitim: Genel tanımı, Türkiye'deki gelişimi, proje değerlendirmeleri. İstanbul, Türkiye: Değişim Yayınları, 1998.
-
L. A. Schlosser and M. Simonson, Distance education: Definition and glossary of terms. Bloomington, IN, USA: Assoc. Educ. Commun. Technol., 2002. Accessed: Dec. 27, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://u.cs.biu.ac.il/~franka2/download/de666/resources/simonson_course_presentations/DE_definition_glossay.pdf
-
T. J. Newby, D. A. Stepich, J. D. Lehman, and J. D. Russell, Educational technology for teaching and learning, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2006.
-
C. Hodges, S. Moore, B. Lockee, T. Trust, and A. Bond, “The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning,” Educause Review, vol. 27, pp. 1–12, 2020.
-
A. Bozkurt et al., “A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 Pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis,” Asian J. Distance Educ., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–126, 2020, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3878572.
-
A. Bozkurt, “Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemi süreci ve pandemi sonrası dünyada eğitime yönelik değerlendirmeler: Yeni normal ve yeni eğitim paradigması,” Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 112–142, 2020.
-
E. Baran and A. P. Correia, “A professional development framework for online teaching,” TechTrends, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 95–101, 2014.
-
UNESCO, “Distance learning strategies: What do we know about effectiveness? COVID-19 Education Webinar #5 Concept Note,” 2020. Accessed: Dec. 26, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/unesco-covid-19_ed-webinar-5-concept-note-en.pdf
-
A. Yıldırım and H. Şimşek, Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, 6th ed. Ankara, Türkiye: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2008.
-
A. Yıldırım, “Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinin temel özellikleri ve eğitim araştırmalarındaki yeri ve önemi,” Eğitim ve Bilim, vol. 23, no. 112, pp. 7–17, 1999.
-
Ş. Büyüköztürk, E. Kılıç Çakmak, Ö. E. Akgün, Ş. Karadeniz, and F. Demirel, Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara, Türkiye: Pegem Yayınları, 2008.
-
M. B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage, 1994.
-
E. Demir, “Uzaktan eğitime genel bir bakış,” Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 39, 2014.
-
D. T. K. Ng, A. C. H. Ching, and S. W. Law, “Online learning in management education amid the pandemic: A bibliometric and content analysis,” The International Journal of Management Education, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 100796, 2023.
-
T. K. Ng, R. Reynolds, M. Y. H. Chan, X. Li, and S. K. W. Chu, “Business (teaching) as usual amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of online teaching practice in Hong Kong,” Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, vol. 19, pp. 775–802, 2020.
-
G. Fauville et al., “Video-conferencing usage dynamics and nonverbal mechanisms exacerbate Zoom Fatigue, particularly for women,” Computers in Human Behavior Reports, vol. 10, p. 100271, 2023.
-
R. Hasan and R. Hasan, “Threat model and security analysis of video conferencing systems as a communication paradigm during the COVID-19 pandemic,” in Novel AI and Data Science Advancements for Sustainability in the Era of COVID-19. London, U.K.: Academic Press, 2022, pp. 181–199.
-
Y. H. S. Al-Mamary, “Understanding the use of learning management systems by undergraduate university students using the UTAUT model: Credible evidence from Saudi Arabia,” Int. J. Inf. Manage. Data Insights, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 100092, 2022.
-
R. S. Ascough, “Designing for online distance education: Putting pedagogy before technology,” Teaching Theology & Religion, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 17–29, 2002.
-
N. Bahar, S. N. Wahab, and N. D. Ahmad, “Understanding challenges faced in online teaching and learning among Malaysian universities' instructors during COVID-19 pandemic,” in Proc. 2020 6th Int. Conf. e-Learning (econf), 2020, pp. 154–157, doi: 10.1109/econf51404.2020.9385474.
-
C. Alkan, Eğitim teknolojisi, 5th ed. Ankara, Türkiye: Anı Yayıncılık, 1997.
-
A. Khamparia and B. Pandey, “Impact of interactive multimedia in E-learning technologies: Role of multimedia in E-learning,” in Digital multimedia: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global, 2018, pp. 1087–1110.
-
C. Rapanta, L. Botturi, P. Goodyear, L. Guàrdia, and M. Koole, “Balancing technology, pedagogy and the new normal: Post-pandemic challenges for higher education,” Postdigital Science and Education, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 715–742, 2021.
-
B. Kantoğlu, O. Torkul, and R. Altunışık, “E-öğrenmede öğrenci memnuniyetini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesine yönelik model önerisi,” Business & Economics Research Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 121, 2013.
-
N. Cuellar, “The transition from classroom to online teaching,” Nursing Forum, vol. 37, no. 3, ss. 5–13, 2002.
-
Y. Yang and L. F. Cornelious, “Preparing instructors for quality online instruction,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2005.
-
T. Anderson and F. Elloumi, Eds., Theory and practice of online learning. Athabasca, AB, Canada: Athabasca Univ. Press, 2004.
-
G. Piccoli, R. Ahmad, and B. Ives, “Web-based virtual learning environments: A research framework and a preliminary assessment of effectiveness in basic IT skills training,” MIS Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 401–426, 2001.
-
R. M. Branch, Instructional design: The ADDIE approach. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2009.
-
K. M. Kapp, The gamification of learning and instruction: Game-based methods and strategies for training and education. San Francisco, CA, USA: Wiley, 2012.
-
S. Akbaba, “Eğitimde motivasyon,” Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, no. 13, pp. 343–361, 2006.
-
A. W. Muzaffar, M. Tahir, M. W. Anwar, Q. Chaudry, S. R. Mir, and Y. Rasheed, “A systematic review of online exams solutions in e-learning: Techniques, tools, and global adoption,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 32689–32712, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3060582.
-
F. Noorbehbahani, A. Mohammadi, and M. Aminazadeh, “A systematic review of research on cheating in online exams from 2010 to 2021,” Educ. Inf. Technol., vol. 27, pp. 8413–8460, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10639-022-10927-7.
-
J. A. Serwatka, “Internet distance learning: How do I put my course on the web,” The Journal, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 71–75, 1999.
-
M. R. Olt, “Ethics and distance education: Strategies for minimizing academic dishonesty in online assessment,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–7, 2002.
-
P. Kugel, “How professors develop as teachers,” Studies in Higher Education, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 315–328, 1993.
-
S. W. Schmidt, E. M. Hodge, and C. M. Tschida, “How university faculty members developed their online teaching skills,” Quarterly Review of Distance Education, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 131–140, 2013.
-
P. Deubel, “Learning from reflections–issues in building quality online courses,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–17, 2003.
-
S. A. Lloyd, M. M. Byrne, and T. S. McCoy, “Faculty-perceived barriers of online education,” Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2012.