Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

MORPHOLOGICAL, HEMATOLOGICAL and HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS of PROPYL PARABEN on ENDOCRINE GLANDS of MALE RATS at PREPUBERTAL PERIOD

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 049, 74 - 91, 30.06.2022

Öz

Propyl paraben (propyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate) is frequently used in various products due to its physical and chemical properties and cheapness, and its use is increasing day by day due to the development of the industrial industry. This study is conducted on the side effects of propyl paraben on male rats' endocrine glands. Accordingly, each oil control, positive control (3 mg/kg/day flutamide=FLU), negative control (0.4 mg/kg/day testosterone propionate = TP) and 10, 250 and 750 mg/kg/day testosterone propionate + propyl paraben 6 groups were formed, one of which had six rats.

While a decrease was observed in thymus and spleen weights in the 10, 250 and 750 mg/kg/day testosterone propionate + propyl paraben dose groups compared to the fat control group, an increase was observed in the weight of the thyroid tissue in the 250 mg/kg/day testosterone propionate + propyl paraben dose group compared to the positive control and 10 mg/kg/day testosterone propionate + propyl paraben dose groups. It has also been shown with various damages in endocrine organs in histopathological examinations. Therefore, we can say that propyl paraben has a negative effect on the endocrine organs examined.

Destekleyen Kurum

Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Proje Numarası

Project no: FHD-2017-13477

Teşekkür

Nurhayat BARLAS designed the study, analyzed the data, and reviewed the text. The text was written by Gözde KARABULUT, who also evaluated the data and updated it. Eda Nur İNKAYA gathered the information, analyzed it, and reviewed the paper. This work was reviewed and approved by all authors. We would like to express our gratitude to the writers for their dedication to this effort. The Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit provided financial assistance for this project (Project no: FHD-2017-13477). Eda Nur İNKAYA is supported by Council of Higher Education (YÖK), Turkey within the scope of YÖK 100/2000 PhD Scholarship.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Soni, M.G., Carabin, I.G., Burdock, G.A., (2005), Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic asid (parabens), Food on Chemical Toxicology, 43,985-1015.
  • [2] Watanabe, Y., Kojima, H., Takeuchi, S., Uramaru, N., Ohta, S., Kitamura, S., (2013), Comparative study on transcriptional activity of 17 parabens mediated by estrogen receptor α and β and androgen receptor, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 57:227-34.
  • [3] Garner, N., Siol, A., Eilks, I., (2014), Parabens as preservatives in personal care products, Chemistry in Action, Vol. 103.
  • [4] Melo, L.P., Queiroz, M.E.C.J., (2010), Simultaneous analysis of parabens in cosmetic products by stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography, Separation Science, Vol.33, 1849-1855.
  • [5] Boberg, J., Taxvig, C., Christiasen, S., Hass, U., (2010), Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites, Reproductive Toxicology, Vol. 30(2):301-1255.
  • [6] Kirchhof, M.G., de Gannes, G.C., (2013), The health controversies of parabens, Skin Therapy Letters, 18(2):5–7.
  • [7] Darbre, P.D., Harvey, P.W., (2008), Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 28(5):561–78.
  • [8] Golden, R., Gandy, J., Vollmer, G.A., (2005) Review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 35(5):435–58.
  • [9] Matwiejczuk, N., Galicka, A., Brzóska, M.M., (2020), Review of the safety of application of cosmetic products containing parabens, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(1):176–210.
  • [10] Guo, Y., Kannan, K. A., (2013), Survey of phthalates and parabens in personal care products from the United States and its implications for human exposure. Environmental science & technology, 47(24):14442–9.
  • [11] Soni, M., Burdock, G., Taylor, S.L., Greenberg, N., (2001), Safety assessment of propyl paraben:a review of the published literature, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 39(6):513–32.
  • [12] Kassotis, C.D., Vandenberg, L.N., Demeneix, B., Porta, M., Slama, R., Trasande, L., (2020), Endocrine disrupting chemicals: economic, regulatory, and policy implications, The Lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 8(8):719–30.
  • [13] La Merrill, M.A., Vandenberg, L.N., Smith, M.T., Goodson, W., Browne, P., Patisaul, H.B., (2020), Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification, Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16(1):45–57
  • [14] Andersen, F.A., (2008), Final amended report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, and benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products, International Journal of Toxicology, 27: 1-82.
  • [15] Vela-Soria, F., Rodrıguez, I., Ballesteros, O., Zafra-Gomez, A., Ballesteros, L., Cela, R., Navalon, A., (2014), Simplified matrix solid phase dispersion procedure for the determination of parabens and benzophenone-ultraviolet filters in human placental tissue samples, Journal of Chromatography A, 1371: 39-47.
  • [16] Mathiesen, L., Zuri, G., Andersen, M., Knudsen, Le., (2013), A proposed study on the transplacental transport of parabens in the human placental perfusion model, Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 41: 473-482.
  • [17] Boberg, J., Taxvig, C., Christiansen, S., Hass, U., (2010) Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites, Reproductive Toxicology, 30: 301-312.
  • [18] Engeli, R., Rohrer, S., Vuorinen, A., Herdlinger, S., Kaserer, T., Leugger, S., (2017) Interference of paraben compounds with estrogen metabolism by inhibition of 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(9).
  • [19] Darbre, P.D., Aljarrah, A., Miller, W.R., Coldham, N.G., Sauer, M.J., Pope, G.S., (2004), Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumors, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 24(1):5-13.
  • [20] Shin, M.Y., Shin, C., Choi, J.W., Lee, J., Lee, S., Kim, S., (2019), Pharmacokinetic profile of propyl paraben in humans after oral administration, Environment International, 130:104917.
  • [21] Hu, P., Kennedy, R.C., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Shen, C.L., Chen, J., Zhao, L., (2016), Differential effects on adiposity and serum marker of bone formation by post-weaning exposure to methylparaben and butylparaben, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 21957–21968.
  • [22] Fransway, A.F., Fransway, P.J., Belsito, D.V., Yiannias, J.A., (2019), Paraben Toxicology, Dermatitis, 30, 32−45.
  • [23] Gal, A., Gedye, K., Craig, Z.R., Ziv-Gal, A., (2019), Propylparaben inhibits mouse cultured antral follicle growth, alters steroidogenesis, and upregulates levels of cell-cycle and apoptosis regulators, Reproductive Toxicology, 89, 100−106.
  • [24] Okubo, T., Yokoyama, Y., Kano, K., Kano, I., (2001), ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ER alpha and PR, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 39, 1225−1232.
  • [25] Gonzalez, T.L., Moos, R.K., Gersch, C.L., Johnson, M.D., Richardson, R.J., Koch, H.M., Rae, J.M., (2018), Metabolites of nbutylparaben and iso-butylparaben exhibit estrogenic properties in MCF-7 and T47D human breast cancer cell lines, Toxicological Sciences, 164, 50−59.
  • [26] OECD, (2018), "Hershberger Bioassay in Rats (H assay) (OECD TG 441) (including OECD GD 115 on the Weanling Hershberger Bioassay)", in Revised Guidance Document 150 on Standardized Test Guidelines for Evaluating Chemicals for Endocrine Disruption, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • [27] Özdemir, E., Barlas, N and Çetinkaya, M.A., (2018), Assessing the antiandrogenic properties of propyl paraben using the Hershberger bioassay, Toxicology Research, 7, 235 – 243.
  • [28] U.S.E.P.A. (2009), Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program Test Guidelines OPPTS 890.1400: Hershberger Bioassay, EPA 740-C-09-008.
  • [29] Abdel-Dayem, M. M., & Elgendy, M. S, (2009), Effects of chronic estradiol treatment on the thyroid gland structure and function of ovariectomized rats, BMC Research Notes, 2(1), 1-7.
  • [30] Matsuu-Matsuyama, M., Shichijo, K., Matsuda, K., Fujimoto, N., Kondo, H., Miura, S., Kurashige, T., Nagayama T., Nakashima, M., (2021), Age-dependent effects on radiation-induced carcinogenesis in the rat thyroid, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-12.
  • [31] Tani, Y., Maronpot, R. R., Foley, J. F., Haseman, J. K., Walker, N. J., & Nyska, A., (2004), Follicular Epithelial Cell Hypertrophy Induced by Chronic Oral Administration of 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin in Female Harlan Sprague—Dawley Rats, Toxicologic Pathology, 32(1), 41-49.
  • [32] Vasiliu, I., Ciobanu-Apostol, D. G., Armasu, I., Bredetean, O., Serban, I. L., & Preda, C., (2020), Protective role of selenium on thyroid morphology in iodine induced autoimmune thyroiditis in Wistar rats, Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20(4), 3425-3437.
  • [33] Iglesias-Osma, M. C., Blanco, E. J., Carretero-Hernandez, M., Catalano-Iniesta, L., Sanchez-Robledo, V., Garcia-Barrado, M. J., Carretero, J., (2019), The influence of the lack of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) on the thyroid gland, Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-10.
  • [34] SCCP, (2005), Extended Opinion on the Safety Evaluation of Parabens. SCCP/0873/05, European Union: Science Committee on Consumer Products.
  • [35] Cherian, P., Zhu, J., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Heldreth, B., (2020). Amended safety assessment of parabens as used in cosmetics, International Journal of Toxicology, 39(1_suppl), 5S-97S.
  • [36] Siddique, S., Kubwabo, C., Harris, S.A., (2016), A review of the role of emerging environmental contaminants in the development of breast cancer in women, Emerging Contaminants, 2, 204–219.
  • [37] Routledge, E.J., Parker, J., Odum, J., Ashby, J., Sumpter, J.P., (1998), Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 153, 12–19.
  • [38] Wu, C., Huo, W., Li, Y., Zhang, B., Wan, Y., Zheng, T., Zhou, A., Chen, Z., Qian, M., Zhu, Y., (2017), Maternal urinary paraben levels and offspring size at birth from a Chinese birth cohort, Chemosphere, 172, 29–36.
  • [39] Wróbel, A.M., Gregoraszczuk, E.Ł., (2015), Action of methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben on GPR30 gene and protein expression, cAMP levels and activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A non-transformed breast epithelial cells, Toxicology Letters, 238, 110–116.
  • [40] Hu, P., Chen, X., Whitener, R.J., Boder, E.T., Jones, J.O., Porollo, A., Chen, J., Zhao, L., (2013), Effects of parabens on adipocyte differentiation, Toxicological Sciences, 131, 56–70.
  • [41] Lee, J.H., Lee, M., Ahn, C., Kang, H.Y., Tran, D.N., Jeung, E.B., (2017), Parabens accelerate ovarian dysfunction in a 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide-induced ovarian failure model, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 161.
  • [42] Pycke, B.F.G., Geer, L.A., Dalloul, M., Abulafia, O., Halden, R.U., (2015), Maternal and fetal exposure to parabens in a multiethnic urban U.S. population, Environment International, 84, 193–200.
  • [43] Shibata, M.A., Yamada, M., Hirose, M., Asakawa, E., Tatematsu, M., Ito, N., (1990), Early proliferative responses of forestomach and glandular stomach of rats treated with five different phenolic antioxidants, Carcinogenesis, 11, 425–429.
  • [44] Hirose, M., Inoue, T., Asamoto, M., Tagawa, Y., Ito, N., (1986), Comparison of the effects of 13 phenolic compounds in induction of proliferative lesions of the forestomach and increase in the labelling indices of the glandular stomach and urinary bladder epithelium of Syrian golden hamsters, Carcinogenesis, 7, 1285–1289.
  • [45] Samarasinghe, S.V.A.C., Krishnan, K., Naidu, R., Megharaj, M., Miller, K., Fraser, B., Aitken, R.J., (2018), Parabens generate reactive oxygen species in human spermatozoa, Andrology, 6(4):532-541.
  • [46] Oishi, S., (2002), Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40, 1807–1813.
  • [47] Shimizu, Y., Kambayashi, Y., Tsujiguchi, H., Hara, A., Hori, D., Thi Thu Nguyen, T., Yoshikawa, T., (2018), Relationship between the Use of Parabens and Allergic Diseases in Japanese Adults—A Cross- Sectional Study, Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 1(1), 148-158.
  • [48] Kim, J., Chevrier, J., (2020), Exposure to parabens and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome: an analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, Science of The Total Environment, 713, 135116.
  • [49] Nowak, K., Ratajczak–Wrona, W., Górska, M., Jabłońska, E., (2018), Parabens and their effects on the endocrine system, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 474, 238-251.
  • [50] Vo, T.T.B., Yoo, Y.M., Choi, K.C., Jeung, E.B., (2010), Potential estrogenic effect(s) of parabens at the prepubertal stage of a postnatal female rat model, Reproductive Toxicology, 29,306–316.
  • [51] Liu, H., Li, J., Xia, W., Zhang, B., Peng, Y., Li, Y., Liu, W., (2019), Blood pressure changes during pregnancy in relation to urinary paraben, triclosan and benzophenone concentrations: A repeated measures study, Environment International, 122, 185-192.
  • [52] Meeker, J.D., Yang, T., Ye, X., Calafat, A.M., Hauser, R., (2011), Urinary Concentrations of Parabens and Serum Hormone Levels, Semen Quality Parameters, and Sperm DNA Damage, Environmental Health Perspectives, 119:252–257.
  • [53] Aker, A. M., Johns, L., McElrath, T. F., Cantonwine, D. E., Mukherjee, B., Meeker, J. D., (2018), Associations between maternal phenol and paraben urinary biomarkers and maternal hormones during pregnancy: a repeated measures study, Environment International, 113, 341-349.
  • [54] Kang, S., Kim, S., Park, J., Kim, H. J., Lee, J., Choi, G., Choi, K., (2013), Urinary paraben concentrations among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants of Korea, and the association with oxidative stress biomarkers, Science of the Total Environment, 461, 214-221.
  • [55] Martín, J. M. P., Peropadre, A., Herrero, Ó., Freire, P. F., Labrador, V., Hazen, M. J., (2010), Oxidative DNA damage contributes to the toxic activity of propylparaben in mammalian cells, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 702(1), 86-91.
  • [56] Martín, J. M. P., Freire, P. F., Daimiel, L., Martínez-Botas, J., Sánchez, C. M., Lasunción, M. Á., Hazen, M. J., (2014), The antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole potentiates the toxic effects of propylparaben in cultured mammalian cells, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 72, 195-203.
  • [57] Güzel Bayülken, D., Ayaz Tüylü, B., Sinan, H., Sivas, H., (2019), Investigation of genotoxic effects of paraben in cultured human lymphocytes, Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 42(4), 349-356.
  • [58] Watkins, D. J., Ferguson, K. K., Del Toro, L. V. A., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Cordero, J. F., Meeker, J. D., (2015), Associations between urinary phenol and paraben concentrations and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation among pregnant women in Puerto Rico, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 218(2), 212-219.
  • [59] Al-Gubory, K.H., (2014), Environmental pollutants and lifestyle factors induce oxidative stress and poor prenatal development, Reproductive Bio Medicine Online, 29: 17–31.
  • [60] Hu, P., Overby, H., Heal, E., Wang, S., Chen, J., Shen, C.L., Zhao, L., (2017), Methylparaben and butylparaben alter multipotent mesenchymal stem cell fates towards adipocyte lineage, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 15;329:48-57.
  • [61] Nishizawa, C., Takeshita, K., Ueda, J. I., Nakanishi, I., Suzuki, K. T., Ozawa, T., (2006), Reaction of para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters with singlet oxygen in the presence of glutathione produces glutathione conjugates of hydroquinone, potent inducers of oxidative stress, Free Radical Research, 40(3), 233-240.
  • [62] Zota, A.R., Geller, R.J., Romano, L.E., Coleman-Phox, K., Adler, N.E., Parry, E., Epel, E.S., (2018), Association between persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, PCBs, and PFASs) and biomarkers of inflammation and cellular aging during pregnancy and postpartum, Environment International, 115, 9-20.
  • [63] Boas, M., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Skakkebæk, N. E., Main, K. M., (2006), Environmental chemicals and thyroid function, European Journal of Endocrinology, 154(5), 599-611.
  • [64] de Lima Junior, N. C., Camilo, J. F., do Carmo, P. R., de Andrade, M. N., Braz, B. F., Santelli, R. E., Dias, G. R. M., (2021), Subacute exposure to lead promotes disruption in the thyroid gland function in male and female rats, Environmental Pollution, 274, 115889.
  • [65] Rodrigues-Pereira, P., Macedo, S., Gaspar, T. B., Canberk, S., Selmi-Ruby, S., Máximo, V., Miranda-Alves, L., (2020), Relevant dose of the environmental contaminant, tributyltin, promotes histomorphological changes in the thyroid gland of male rats, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 502, 110677.
Yıl 2022, Sayı: 049, 74 - 91, 30.06.2022

Öz

Proje Numarası

Project no: FHD-2017-13477

Kaynakça

  • [1] Soni, M.G., Carabin, I.G., Burdock, G.A., (2005), Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic asid (parabens), Food on Chemical Toxicology, 43,985-1015.
  • [2] Watanabe, Y., Kojima, H., Takeuchi, S., Uramaru, N., Ohta, S., Kitamura, S., (2013), Comparative study on transcriptional activity of 17 parabens mediated by estrogen receptor α and β and androgen receptor, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 57:227-34.
  • [3] Garner, N., Siol, A., Eilks, I., (2014), Parabens as preservatives in personal care products, Chemistry in Action, Vol. 103.
  • [4] Melo, L.P., Queiroz, M.E.C.J., (2010), Simultaneous analysis of parabens in cosmetic products by stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography, Separation Science, Vol.33, 1849-1855.
  • [5] Boberg, J., Taxvig, C., Christiasen, S., Hass, U., (2010), Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites, Reproductive Toxicology, Vol. 30(2):301-1255.
  • [6] Kirchhof, M.G., de Gannes, G.C., (2013), The health controversies of parabens, Skin Therapy Letters, 18(2):5–7.
  • [7] Darbre, P.D., Harvey, P.W., (2008), Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 28(5):561–78.
  • [8] Golden, R., Gandy, J., Vollmer, G.A., (2005) Review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 35(5):435–58.
  • [9] Matwiejczuk, N., Galicka, A., Brzóska, M.M., (2020), Review of the safety of application of cosmetic products containing parabens, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(1):176–210.
  • [10] Guo, Y., Kannan, K. A., (2013), Survey of phthalates and parabens in personal care products from the United States and its implications for human exposure. Environmental science & technology, 47(24):14442–9.
  • [11] Soni, M., Burdock, G., Taylor, S.L., Greenberg, N., (2001), Safety assessment of propyl paraben:a review of the published literature, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 39(6):513–32.
  • [12] Kassotis, C.D., Vandenberg, L.N., Demeneix, B., Porta, M., Slama, R., Trasande, L., (2020), Endocrine disrupting chemicals: economic, regulatory, and policy implications, The Lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 8(8):719–30.
  • [13] La Merrill, M.A., Vandenberg, L.N., Smith, M.T., Goodson, W., Browne, P., Patisaul, H.B., (2020), Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification, Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16(1):45–57
  • [14] Andersen, F.A., (2008), Final amended report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, and benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products, International Journal of Toxicology, 27: 1-82.
  • [15] Vela-Soria, F., Rodrıguez, I., Ballesteros, O., Zafra-Gomez, A., Ballesteros, L., Cela, R., Navalon, A., (2014), Simplified matrix solid phase dispersion procedure for the determination of parabens and benzophenone-ultraviolet filters in human placental tissue samples, Journal of Chromatography A, 1371: 39-47.
  • [16] Mathiesen, L., Zuri, G., Andersen, M., Knudsen, Le., (2013), A proposed study on the transplacental transport of parabens in the human placental perfusion model, Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 41: 473-482.
  • [17] Boberg, J., Taxvig, C., Christiansen, S., Hass, U., (2010) Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites, Reproductive Toxicology, 30: 301-312.
  • [18] Engeli, R., Rohrer, S., Vuorinen, A., Herdlinger, S., Kaserer, T., Leugger, S., (2017) Interference of paraben compounds with estrogen metabolism by inhibition of 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(9).
  • [19] Darbre, P.D., Aljarrah, A., Miller, W.R., Coldham, N.G., Sauer, M.J., Pope, G.S., (2004), Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumors, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 24(1):5-13.
  • [20] Shin, M.Y., Shin, C., Choi, J.W., Lee, J., Lee, S., Kim, S., (2019), Pharmacokinetic profile of propyl paraben in humans after oral administration, Environment International, 130:104917.
  • [21] Hu, P., Kennedy, R.C., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Shen, C.L., Chen, J., Zhao, L., (2016), Differential effects on adiposity and serum marker of bone formation by post-weaning exposure to methylparaben and butylparaben, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 21957–21968.
  • [22] Fransway, A.F., Fransway, P.J., Belsito, D.V., Yiannias, J.A., (2019), Paraben Toxicology, Dermatitis, 30, 32−45.
  • [23] Gal, A., Gedye, K., Craig, Z.R., Ziv-Gal, A., (2019), Propylparaben inhibits mouse cultured antral follicle growth, alters steroidogenesis, and upregulates levels of cell-cycle and apoptosis regulators, Reproductive Toxicology, 89, 100−106.
  • [24] Okubo, T., Yokoyama, Y., Kano, K., Kano, I., (2001), ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ER alpha and PR, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 39, 1225−1232.
  • [25] Gonzalez, T.L., Moos, R.K., Gersch, C.L., Johnson, M.D., Richardson, R.J., Koch, H.M., Rae, J.M., (2018), Metabolites of nbutylparaben and iso-butylparaben exhibit estrogenic properties in MCF-7 and T47D human breast cancer cell lines, Toxicological Sciences, 164, 50−59.
  • [26] OECD, (2018), "Hershberger Bioassay in Rats (H assay) (OECD TG 441) (including OECD GD 115 on the Weanling Hershberger Bioassay)", in Revised Guidance Document 150 on Standardized Test Guidelines for Evaluating Chemicals for Endocrine Disruption, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • [27] Özdemir, E., Barlas, N and Çetinkaya, M.A., (2018), Assessing the antiandrogenic properties of propyl paraben using the Hershberger bioassay, Toxicology Research, 7, 235 – 243.
  • [28] U.S.E.P.A. (2009), Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program Test Guidelines OPPTS 890.1400: Hershberger Bioassay, EPA 740-C-09-008.
  • [29] Abdel-Dayem, M. M., & Elgendy, M. S, (2009), Effects of chronic estradiol treatment on the thyroid gland structure and function of ovariectomized rats, BMC Research Notes, 2(1), 1-7.
  • [30] Matsuu-Matsuyama, M., Shichijo, K., Matsuda, K., Fujimoto, N., Kondo, H., Miura, S., Kurashige, T., Nagayama T., Nakashima, M., (2021), Age-dependent effects on radiation-induced carcinogenesis in the rat thyroid, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-12.
  • [31] Tani, Y., Maronpot, R. R., Foley, J. F., Haseman, J. K., Walker, N. J., & Nyska, A., (2004), Follicular Epithelial Cell Hypertrophy Induced by Chronic Oral Administration of 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin in Female Harlan Sprague—Dawley Rats, Toxicologic Pathology, 32(1), 41-49.
  • [32] Vasiliu, I., Ciobanu-Apostol, D. G., Armasu, I., Bredetean, O., Serban, I. L., & Preda, C., (2020), Protective role of selenium on thyroid morphology in iodine induced autoimmune thyroiditis in Wistar rats, Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20(4), 3425-3437.
  • [33] Iglesias-Osma, M. C., Blanco, E. J., Carretero-Hernandez, M., Catalano-Iniesta, L., Sanchez-Robledo, V., Garcia-Barrado, M. J., Carretero, J., (2019), The influence of the lack of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) on the thyroid gland, Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-10.
  • [34] SCCP, (2005), Extended Opinion on the Safety Evaluation of Parabens. SCCP/0873/05, European Union: Science Committee on Consumer Products.
  • [35] Cherian, P., Zhu, J., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Heldreth, B., (2020). Amended safety assessment of parabens as used in cosmetics, International Journal of Toxicology, 39(1_suppl), 5S-97S.
  • [36] Siddique, S., Kubwabo, C., Harris, S.A., (2016), A review of the role of emerging environmental contaminants in the development of breast cancer in women, Emerging Contaminants, 2, 204–219.
  • [37] Routledge, E.J., Parker, J., Odum, J., Ashby, J., Sumpter, J.P., (1998), Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 153, 12–19.
  • [38] Wu, C., Huo, W., Li, Y., Zhang, B., Wan, Y., Zheng, T., Zhou, A., Chen, Z., Qian, M., Zhu, Y., (2017), Maternal urinary paraben levels and offspring size at birth from a Chinese birth cohort, Chemosphere, 172, 29–36.
  • [39] Wróbel, A.M., Gregoraszczuk, E.Ł., (2015), Action of methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben on GPR30 gene and protein expression, cAMP levels and activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A non-transformed breast epithelial cells, Toxicology Letters, 238, 110–116.
  • [40] Hu, P., Chen, X., Whitener, R.J., Boder, E.T., Jones, J.O., Porollo, A., Chen, J., Zhao, L., (2013), Effects of parabens on adipocyte differentiation, Toxicological Sciences, 131, 56–70.
  • [41] Lee, J.H., Lee, M., Ahn, C., Kang, H.Y., Tran, D.N., Jeung, E.B., (2017), Parabens accelerate ovarian dysfunction in a 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide-induced ovarian failure model, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 161.
  • [42] Pycke, B.F.G., Geer, L.A., Dalloul, M., Abulafia, O., Halden, R.U., (2015), Maternal and fetal exposure to parabens in a multiethnic urban U.S. population, Environment International, 84, 193–200.
  • [43] Shibata, M.A., Yamada, M., Hirose, M., Asakawa, E., Tatematsu, M., Ito, N., (1990), Early proliferative responses of forestomach and glandular stomach of rats treated with five different phenolic antioxidants, Carcinogenesis, 11, 425–429.
  • [44] Hirose, M., Inoue, T., Asamoto, M., Tagawa, Y., Ito, N., (1986), Comparison of the effects of 13 phenolic compounds in induction of proliferative lesions of the forestomach and increase in the labelling indices of the glandular stomach and urinary bladder epithelium of Syrian golden hamsters, Carcinogenesis, 7, 1285–1289.
  • [45] Samarasinghe, S.V.A.C., Krishnan, K., Naidu, R., Megharaj, M., Miller, K., Fraser, B., Aitken, R.J., (2018), Parabens generate reactive oxygen species in human spermatozoa, Andrology, 6(4):532-541.
  • [46] Oishi, S., (2002), Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40, 1807–1813.
  • [47] Shimizu, Y., Kambayashi, Y., Tsujiguchi, H., Hara, A., Hori, D., Thi Thu Nguyen, T., Yoshikawa, T., (2018), Relationship between the Use of Parabens and Allergic Diseases in Japanese Adults—A Cross- Sectional Study, Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 1(1), 148-158.
  • [48] Kim, J., Chevrier, J., (2020), Exposure to parabens and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome: an analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, Science of The Total Environment, 713, 135116.
  • [49] Nowak, K., Ratajczak–Wrona, W., Górska, M., Jabłońska, E., (2018), Parabens and their effects on the endocrine system, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 474, 238-251.
  • [50] Vo, T.T.B., Yoo, Y.M., Choi, K.C., Jeung, E.B., (2010), Potential estrogenic effect(s) of parabens at the prepubertal stage of a postnatal female rat model, Reproductive Toxicology, 29,306–316.
  • [51] Liu, H., Li, J., Xia, W., Zhang, B., Peng, Y., Li, Y., Liu, W., (2019), Blood pressure changes during pregnancy in relation to urinary paraben, triclosan and benzophenone concentrations: A repeated measures study, Environment International, 122, 185-192.
  • [52] Meeker, J.D., Yang, T., Ye, X., Calafat, A.M., Hauser, R., (2011), Urinary Concentrations of Parabens and Serum Hormone Levels, Semen Quality Parameters, and Sperm DNA Damage, Environmental Health Perspectives, 119:252–257.
  • [53] Aker, A. M., Johns, L., McElrath, T. F., Cantonwine, D. E., Mukherjee, B., Meeker, J. D., (2018), Associations between maternal phenol and paraben urinary biomarkers and maternal hormones during pregnancy: a repeated measures study, Environment International, 113, 341-349.
  • [54] Kang, S., Kim, S., Park, J., Kim, H. J., Lee, J., Choi, G., Choi, K., (2013), Urinary paraben concentrations among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants of Korea, and the association with oxidative stress biomarkers, Science of the Total Environment, 461, 214-221.
  • [55] Martín, J. M. P., Peropadre, A., Herrero, Ó., Freire, P. F., Labrador, V., Hazen, M. J., (2010), Oxidative DNA damage contributes to the toxic activity of propylparaben in mammalian cells, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 702(1), 86-91.
  • [56] Martín, J. M. P., Freire, P. F., Daimiel, L., Martínez-Botas, J., Sánchez, C. M., Lasunción, M. Á., Hazen, M. J., (2014), The antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole potentiates the toxic effects of propylparaben in cultured mammalian cells, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 72, 195-203.
  • [57] Güzel Bayülken, D., Ayaz Tüylü, B., Sinan, H., Sivas, H., (2019), Investigation of genotoxic effects of paraben in cultured human lymphocytes, Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 42(4), 349-356.
  • [58] Watkins, D. J., Ferguson, K. K., Del Toro, L. V. A., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Cordero, J. F., Meeker, J. D., (2015), Associations between urinary phenol and paraben concentrations and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation among pregnant women in Puerto Rico, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 218(2), 212-219.
  • [59] Al-Gubory, K.H., (2014), Environmental pollutants and lifestyle factors induce oxidative stress and poor prenatal development, Reproductive Bio Medicine Online, 29: 17–31.
  • [60] Hu, P., Overby, H., Heal, E., Wang, S., Chen, J., Shen, C.L., Zhao, L., (2017), Methylparaben and butylparaben alter multipotent mesenchymal stem cell fates towards adipocyte lineage, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 15;329:48-57.
  • [61] Nishizawa, C., Takeshita, K., Ueda, J. I., Nakanishi, I., Suzuki, K. T., Ozawa, T., (2006), Reaction of para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters with singlet oxygen in the presence of glutathione produces glutathione conjugates of hydroquinone, potent inducers of oxidative stress, Free Radical Research, 40(3), 233-240.
  • [62] Zota, A.R., Geller, R.J., Romano, L.E., Coleman-Phox, K., Adler, N.E., Parry, E., Epel, E.S., (2018), Association between persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, PCBs, and PFASs) and biomarkers of inflammation and cellular aging during pregnancy and postpartum, Environment International, 115, 9-20.
  • [63] Boas, M., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Skakkebæk, N. E., Main, K. M., (2006), Environmental chemicals and thyroid function, European Journal of Endocrinology, 154(5), 599-611.
  • [64] de Lima Junior, N. C., Camilo, J. F., do Carmo, P. R., de Andrade, M. N., Braz, B. F., Santelli, R. E., Dias, G. R. M., (2021), Subacute exposure to lead promotes disruption in the thyroid gland function in male and female rats, Environmental Pollution, 274, 115889.
  • [65] Rodrigues-Pereira, P., Macedo, S., Gaspar, T. B., Canberk, S., Selmi-Ruby, S., Máximo, V., Miranda-Alves, L., (2020), Relevant dose of the environmental contaminant, tributyltin, promotes histomorphological changes in the thyroid gland of male rats, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 502, 110677.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Eda Nur İnkaya 0000-0001-7032-1537

Gözde Karabulut 0000-0002-4513-1907

Nurhayat Barlas 0000-0001-8657-2058

Proje Numarası Project no: FHD-2017-13477
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 049

Kaynak Göster

IEEE E. N. İnkaya, G. Karabulut, ve N. Barlas, “MORPHOLOGICAL, HEMATOLOGICAL and HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS of PROPYL PARABEN on ENDOCRINE GLANDS of MALE RATS at PREPUBERTAL PERIOD”, JSR-A, sy. 049, ss. 74–91, Haziran 2022.