Metaphorical perceptions of undergraduate tourism students towards the concepts of English and Professional English: the case of Türkiye-Spain

Abstract

The primary purpose of this research is to determine the metaphorical perceptions of the student’s tourism in Türkiye and Spain regarding the concepts of English and professional English and to compare these perceptions. The phenomenology technique was adopted and used in this research. The data were collected in person using a two-question questionnaire. A purposeful sampling technique was used for this research. Data were collected from May 24 to May 28, 2022. The content analysis method was applied in the analysis of the research data. The results show that students' metaphorical perceptions of English and Professional English concepts are positive and different. The research findings show that English and professional English learning interact with the inner worlds of the students.

Keywords

• Metaphorical Perceptions
• Tourism Students
• Professional English
• Spain
• Türkiye

References

1. Adu-Ampong, E. (2016). A metaphor analysis research agenda for tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 57, 248-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.12.013
2. Allan, C. (2007). Exploring natural resource management with metaphor analysis. Society and Natural Resources, 20(4), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920601161361
3. Aldohon, H. I. (2014). English for Specific Purposes (ESP) for Jordanian Tourist Police in Their Workplace: Needs and Problems. International Education Studies, 7(11), 56-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n11p56
4. Al-Tarawneh, M. Q., & Osam, U. V. (2019). Tourism English training at the tertiary level in Jordan:Reality and expectations from a university context. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 24, 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2019.02.005
5. Anam, M. M. U., & Rachmadian, A. (2020). Need analysis of English language usage for Tourism university students. EnJourMe (English Journal of Merdeka): Culture, Language, and Teaching of English, 5(2), 178-187. https://doi.org/10.26905/enjourme.v5i2.5105
6. Andriessen, D., & Gubbins, C. (2009). Metaphor analysis as an approach for exploring theoretical concepts: The case of social capital. Organization Studies, 30(8), 845-863. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609334952
7. Angouri, J. (2013). The multilingual reality of the multinational workplace: Language policy and language use. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 34(6), 564-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2013.807273
8. Başaran Uğur, A. R., & Baysal, S. (2017). Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin İngilizce Öğretmeni Kavramına İlişkin Metaforik Algıları. Journal of International Social Research, 10(52). 729-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1931

9. Baş, M., & Gezegin, B. B. (2015). Language learning as losing weight: Analysing students’ metaphorical perceptions of English learning process. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.554
10. Bas, M. & Gezegin, B. B. (2017). Metaphors of English as a foreign language. Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching. 7(1), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v7i1.2403
11. Bekdaş, M. (2017). The perceptions of high school students for the concept of English through metaphors: Tokat sample. Gazi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 35-41.
12. Bobanovic, M. K., & Grzinic, J. (2011). The importance of English language skills in the tourism sector: A comparative study of students/employees perceptions in Croatia. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 2(4), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/2476
13. Boers, F., & Lindstromberg, S. (2012). Experimental and intervention studies on formulaic sequences in a second language. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 83-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000050
14. Botha, E. (2009). Why metaphor matters in education. South African Journal of Education, 29(4), 431- 444.
15. Bunghez, C. L. (2016). The importance of tourism to a destination’s economy. Journal of Eastern Europe Research in Business & Economics, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5171/2016.143495
16. Caballero, R. (2006). Journey metaphors in foreign language teaching-learning: Ways of travelling/learning in multimedia environments. Mélanges CRAPEL, 28, 201–209.
17. Cargill, M., & O’Connor, P. (2006). Developing Chinese scientists’ skills for publishing in English: Evaluating collaborating-colleague workshops based on genre analysis. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 5(3), 207-221.
18. Chang, T. Y., & Hsu, J. M. (2010). Development framework for tourism and hospitality in higher vocational education in Taiwan. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 9(1), 101. https://dx.doi.org/10.3794/johlste.91.246
19. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education. Routledge.
20. Creswell, J. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
21. Crompton, J. L. (2017). Evolution of the “parks as lungs” metaphor: is it still relevant? World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 105-123.
22. Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language. Cambridge University Press.
23. Demir, M., & Demir, Ş.Ş. (2016). Akademik beklenti, akademik memnuniyet ve kariyer planlaması ilişkisi: Turizm lisans öğrencileri örneği. International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 46-59. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3537
24. Demir, M., Demir, Ş. Ş., & Aktürk, O. (2023). The Effects of Distance Education Capabilities and Competencies on Learning Outcomes During COVID-19 in Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2023.2191966
25. Demir, M., Demir, Ş. Ş., Davras, G. M., Bulgan, G., & Davras, Ö. (2017). Genel turizm: kavramlar ve farklı boyutlarıyla değerlendirme. Detay Yayıncılık.
26. Demir, Y. (2018). A Meta-summary of the Research on Metaphors Regarding Turkish EFL Teachers’ Roles. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 9(2), 65-76.
27. Draaisma, D. (2000). Metaphors of memory: A history of ideas about the mind. Cambridge University Press.
28. Dudley-Evans, T., St John, M. (1998). Developments in English for specific purposes: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge University Press.
29. Duyar, B., & Özkan, R. (2020). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin İngilizce kavramına yönelik metaforik algılarının belirlenmesi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (48), 286-323.
30. Erdem, C. (2018). Identifying universıty students’ perceptions of ‘English’ through metaphors. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 5(3), 565-577.
31. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4.
32. Fang, S. (2015). College EFL learners’ metaphorical perceptions of English learning. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 12(3), 61-79.
33. Farjami, H. (2012). EFL learners' metaphors and images about foreign language learning. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2(1), 93-109.
34. Forceville, C. (2002). The identification of target and source in pictorial metaphors. Journal of pragmatics, 34(1), 1-14.
35. Genç, G. (2017). Turkish EFL learners’ metaphorical conceptualizations of language learning. International Journal of Language Academy, 5(6), 284-285.
36. Ghany, S. Y. A., & Latif, M. M. A. (2012). English language preparation of tourism and hospitality undergraduates in Egypt: Does it meet their future workplace requirements? Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 11(2), 93-100.
37. Gillis, C., & Johnson, C. L. (2002). Metaphor as renewal: Re-imagining our professional selves. The English Journal, 91(6), 37-43.
38. Gömleksiz, M. N. (2013). Öğretmen Adaylarının Yabancı Dil Kavramına İlişkin Metaforik Algıları. Turkish Studies, 8(8), 649-664.
39. Hongqin, Z., & Jianbin, H. (2008). Interpreting metaphor in use by mandarin teachers of english. Polyglossia, 15, 1-9. Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
40. Ilyosovna, N. A. (2020). The importance of English language. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 2(1), 22-24.
41. Jin, L., Liang, X., Jiang, C., Zhang, J., Yuan, Y., & Xie, Q. (2014). Studying the motivations of Chinese young EFL learners through metaphor analysis. ELT Journal, 68(3), 286-298.
42. Kitkauskienė, L. (2006). General English and English for specific purposes. Santalka, 14(2), 88-92.
43. Kramsch, C. (2014). Teaching foreign languages in an era of globalization: Introduction. The modern language journal, 98(1), 296-311.
44. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
45. Lee, O., & Buxton, C. A. (2013). Integrating science and English proficiency for English language learners. Theory Into Practice, 52(1), 36-42.
46. Lertchalermtipakoon, P., Wongsubun, U., & Kawinkoonlasate, P. (2021). Need analysis: english language use by students in the tourism and hospitality and industry. English Language Teaching, 14(3), 59-71.
47. Leslie, D. ve Russell, H. (2006). The Importance of Foreign Language Skills in the Tourism Sector: A Comparative Study of Student Perceptions in the UK and Continental Europe. Tourism Management, (27), 1397-1407.
48. Levine, P. M. (2005). Metaphors and images of classrooms. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 41(4), 172-175.
49. Levitt, H., Korman, Y., & Angus, L. (2000). A metaphor analysis in treatments of depression: Metaphor as a marker of change. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13(1), 23-35.
50. Limon, İ. (2015). 9. ve 10. sınıf öğrencilerinin yabancı bir dil olarak İngilizceye yönelik metaforik algıları. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1(2), 367-379. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.106427
51. Low, G., & Cameron, L. (2002). Applied-linguistic comments on metaphor identification. Language and Literature, 11(1), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/096394700201100109
52. Melitz, J., & Toubal, F. (2014). Native language, spoken language, translation and trade. Journal of International Economics, 93(2), 351-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.04.004
53. McMillian, J. H. (2000). Educational research: Fundamental for the consumer. Longman
54. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Newyork: Sage Publications
55. Mudra, H., & Aini, N. (2020). “English Learning Is Like…”: Metaphorical Perceptions of Prospective English Teachers About Language Learning Process. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 7(1), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v7i1.1710
56. Nikitina, L., & Furuoka, F. (2008). " A Language Teacher is Like...": Examining Malaysian Students' Perceptions of Language Teachers through Metaphor Analysis. Online Submission, 5(2), 192-205.
57. Özer, S. (2020). Turizm işletmeciliği bölümü öğrencilerinin ingilizce ve mesleki ingilizce kavramlarına ilişkin metaforik algıları. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 10 (1), 364-380, https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.629190
58. Palinkašević, R. D. (2021). English language learning from the perspective of students—Pre-service preschool teachers. Teaching Innovations, 34(1), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.5937/inovacije2101135P
59. Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.
60. Pehlivan, H. P., Akçay, Z. Ş., & Neyişci, N. (2020). Hazırlık Sınıfı Öğrencilerinin “İngilizce” ve “İngilizce Öğrenmeye” Yönelik Metaforik Algıları. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(2), 665-685.
61. Phillipson, R., & Skutnabb‐Kangas, T. (1996). English only worldwide or language ecology?. TESOL quarterly, 30(3), 429-452. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587692
62. Rao, P. S. (2019). The role of English as a global language. Research Journal of English, 4(1), 65-79.
63. Reddy, S. (2012). Importance of English and different methods of teaching English. Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research, 1(3), 25-28.
64. Ryan, S. (2009). Ambivalence and commitment, liberation and challenge: Investigating the attitudes of young Japanese people towards the learning of English. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 30(5), 405-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630902928447
65. Saban, A. (2009). Öğretmen adaylarının öğrenci kavramına ilişkin sahip olduğu metaforlar. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 7(2), 281-326.
66. Şahin, H., & Kil, G. (2020). Metaphorical perceptions of science high school students in Turkey about the concept of “English”. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 12(2), 573-599.
67. Su, F., & Yang, L. (2020). Exploring the Change of Chinese EFL Teacher Beliefs in Listening Teaching: A Metaphor Analysis. Journal of Asia TEFL, 17(3), 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2020.17.3.7.858
68. Teskereci, G., Sümen, A., Çiçek, S. N., & Özerli, A. N. (2015). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yabancı dil olarak İngilizceye ilişkin algıları: Bir metafor çalışması. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 5(3), 294-304. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.572557
69. Warriner, D. S. (2016). ‘Here, without English, you are dead’: ideologies of language and discourses of neoliberalism in adult English language learning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(5), 495-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1071827
70. Xu, L., Naserpour, A., Rezai, A., Namaziandost, E., & Azizi, Z. (2022). Exploring EFL Learners’ Metaphorical Conceptions of Language Learning: A Multimodal Analysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 51(2), 323-339.
71. Zaei, M. E., & Zaei, M. E. (2013). The impacts of tourism industry on host community. European journal of tourism hospitality and research, 1(2), 12-21.
72. Zahedpisheh, N., Abu Bakar, Z. B., & Saffari, N. (2017). English for Tourism and Hospitality Purposes (ETP). English Language Teaching, 10(9), 86-94.
73. Zambon Ferronato, N. (2022). Conceptual Metaphors: an Insight into Teachers’ and Students’ EFL Learning Beliefs. Cuadernos de Investigación Educativa, 13(2), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.18861/cied.2022.13.2.3176
74. Zhang, F., & Hu, J. (2009). A Study of Metaphor and Its Application in Language Learning and Teaching. International Education Studies, 2(2), 77-81.
75. Zhang, X. (2016). Examining English language teachers through metaphorical analysis. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6(8), 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0608.20