Importance of Polychronicity trait for culinary arts profession and career adaptability as an antecedent: The moderating role of kitchen internship

Kenan Pala; Mustafa Daşkın; İbrahim İlhan

doi:10.24288/jttr.1727277

Importance of Polychronicity trait for culinary arts profession and career adaptability as an antecedent: The moderating role of kitchen internship

Abstract

Professional kitchens and restaurants expect multitasking performance. Cook candidates should be aware of their polychronic structure and career adaptability if they intend to pursue schooling for a culinary profession in the sector. This current case research is purposed to examine the link between cook candidates’ career adaptability and polychronicity at a higher education-based program in a Turkish context. A sample of cook candidates pursuing culinary careers provided the data for the present research study. The statistical tests indicate that the career adaptability dimensions, including curiosity, control, concern, and confidence, are positively correlated with polychronicity. The current study tested the moderating effect of internship on the relationship between career adaptability and polychronicity. The path analysis shows that internship does not play a moderating role between these variables. The current research proposes an untried model, providing fresh understandings of the theoretical underpinnings and their consequences for industry practitioners.

Keywords

References

Aboramadan, M., Turkmenoglu, M. A., Dahleez, M. A., & Cicek, B. (2021). Narcissistic leadership and behavioral cynicism in the hotel industry: The role of employee silence and negative workplace gossiping. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 428–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0348
Aderemi, H. O., Sobanke, V. O., & Ilori, M. O. (2023). Human resources and innovation capability: Evidences from Nigeria food and beverage firms. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 15(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.2021602
Akın, A. (2018). The importance of internship training in gastronomy tourism: The case of Gaziantep University. Iğdır University Journal of Social Sciences, 16, 483–518.
Akoğlu, A., Cansızoğlu, S., Orhan, N., & Özdemir, Z. (2017). Attitudes of gastronomy & culinary arts students towards working in the sector. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(2), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2017.74
Amasya Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. (2020). Amasya tourism. https://amasya.ktb.gov.tr/
Arasli, H., Namin, B. H., & Abubakar, A. M. (2018). Workplace incivility as a moderator of the relationships between polychronicity and job outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1245–1272.
Arasli, H., Daskin, M., & Saydam, S. (2014). Polychronicity and intrinsic motivation as dispositional determinants on hotel frontline employees job satisfaction: Do control variables make a difference? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 1395–1405.
Arndt, A., Arnold, T. J., & Landry, T. D. (2006). The effects of polychronic-orientation upon retail employee satisfaction and turnover. Journal of Retailing, 82(4), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2006.08.005

Asghar, M., Tayyab, M., Gull, N., Zhijie, S., Shi, R., & Tao, X. (2021). Polychronicity, work engagement, and turnover intention: The moderating role of perceived organizational support in the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.09.004
Barbarash, D. (2016). Knowledge and skill competency volves of an undergraduate university managed cooperative internship education. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 17(1), 21–30.
Bluedorn, A. C., Thomas, J. K., Michael, J. S., & Gregg, D. M. (1999). POLY and the Inventory of Polychronic Value (IPV): The development of an instrument to measure a fundamental dimension of organizational culture. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14(4), 205–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263747
Carlson, J. R., & Ross, W. T., Jr. (2022). When polychronicity affects salesperson performance: The effects of improvisation, role ambiguity, and sales job complexity. Industrial Marketing Management, 107, 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.10.010
Chin, W. (1998). The partial least squares for structural equation modelling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Christophe, F., William, A. W., Christopher, P. B., & Lawrence, B. C. (2013). Polychronicity and scheduling’s role in reducing role stress and enhancing sales performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 33(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.2753/PSS0885-3134330204
Coetzee, M., & Harry, N. (2014). Emotional intelligence as a predictor of employees' career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.09.001
Condrasky, M., Graham, K., & Kamp, J. (2006). Cooking with a chef: An innovative program to improve mealtime practices and eating behaviors of caregivers of preschool children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 38(5), 324–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2006.04.005
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
Dalgıç, A., & Türkoğlu, N. (2018). The effect of job crafting and polychronicity on turnover intention of employee in the hotel industry. In 2nd International Symposium on Innovative Approaches in Scientific Studies (pp. 787–794), Samsun, Turkey.
Daskin, M. (2016). Linking polychronicity to hotel frontline employees’ job outcomes. EuroMed Journal of Business, 11(2), 162–180. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-04-2015-0022
Daskin, M., & Surucu, O. (2016). The role of polychronicity and intrinsic motivation as personality traits on frontline employees’ job outcomes. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 8(2), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-10-2015-0088
Denk, E., & Koşar, A. (2017). The measurements of vocational educational level and career targets of hotel culinary employees; an analysis of winter corridor. Journal of Interpretation Management Method, 5(1), 55–83. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.562957
Dixit, S. K., Garibaldi, R., & Gupta, V. (2022). Special issue on food and beverage tourism: Management and marketing perspectives. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 25(6), 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2022.2139793
Duffy, R. (2010). Sense of control and career adaptability among undergraduate students. Journal of Career Assessment, 18(4), 420–430.
Eluwole, K. K., Karatepe, O. M., & Avci, T. (2022). Ethical leadership, trust in organization and their impacts on critical hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103153.
Ercik, C. (2024). The impact of employees' work value perceptions on job satisfaction in accommodation businesses. Journal of Travel and Hospitality Business, 21(2), 368–384.
Farmer, N., & Cotter, E. W. (2021). Well-being and cooking behavior: Using the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA) model as a theoretical framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 560578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.560578
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gao, N., Long, C. X., & Xu, L. C. (2016). Collective leadership, career concern and the housing market in China: The role of standing committees. Review of Development Economics, 20(1), 1–13.
Ginevra, M. C., Magnano, P., Lodi, E., Annovazzi, C., Camussi, E., Patrizi, P., & Nota, L. (2018). The role of career adaptability and courage on life satisfaction in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 62, 1–8.
Grobelna, A. (2018). Effects of individual and job characteristics on hotel contact employees’ work engagement and their performance outcomes: A case study from Poland. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(1), 349–369.
Guan, Y., Zhou, W., Ye, L., Jiang, P., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Perceived organizational career management and career adaptability as predictors of success and turnover intention between Chinese employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.04.002
Güdekli, A., Deren Van Het Hof, S., Eser, M., & Oruç, M. S. (2022). News media literacy scale: Validity and reliability. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 65, 61–80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512
Güler, S. (2010). Turkish kitchen culture and eating and drinking habits. Dumlupinar University Journal of Social Sciences, 4(26), 25–32.
Gürdoğan, A., & Atabey, S. (2015). Effect of satisfaction level of students from internship on their career goals. Journal of Economics and Management Research, 4(1), 91–113.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151.
Hamtiaux, A., Houssemand, C., & Vrignaud, P. (2013). Individual and career adaptability: Comparing models and measures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(2), 130–141.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Hui, C., Lee, C., & Niu, X. (2010). The moderating effects of polychronicity and achievement striving on the relationship between task variety and organization-based self-esteem of mid-level managers in China. Human Relations, 63(9), 1395–1416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709358273
Jang, J., & George, R. T. (2012). Understanding the influence of POLY on job satisfaction and turnover intention: A study of non-supervisory hotel employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 588–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.08.004
Junco, R., & Cotton, S. R. (2011). Perceived academic effects of instant messaging use. Computers & Education, 56(2), 370–378.
Kanten, S. (2012). Career Adaptabilities Scale: A study of validity and reliability. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences, 2(16), 191–205.
Kantrowitz, T. M., Grelle, D. M., Beaty, J. C., & Wolf, M. B. (2012). Time is money: Polychronicity as a predictor of performance across job levels. Human Performance, 25, 114–137.
Karatepe, O. M., Karadas, G., Azar, A. K., & Naderiadib, N. (2013). Does work engagement mediate the effect of POLY on performance outcomes? A study in the hospitality industry in Northern Cyprus. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2013.723266
Karatepe, O. M., & Olugbade, O. A. (2017). The effects of work social support and career adaptability on career satisfaction and turnover intentions. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(3), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.12
Kaşlı, M., & İlban, M. O. (2013). The relationship between problems faced during internships and interns’ view of profession and intention to work in the tourism industry. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 52, 79–96.
Kayran, M. F. (2021). Evaluation of the geographically indicated products of Şanlıurfa province in terms of gastronomy tourism potential (Doctoral thesis). Mersin University, Institute of Social Sciences, Mersin.
Kirchberg, D. M., Roe, R. A., & van Eerde, W. (2015). Polychronicity and multitasking: A diary study at work. Human Performance, 28(2), 112–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2014.976706
Kivela, J., & Crotts, J. C. (2006). Tourism and gastronomy: Gastronomy’s influence on how tourists experience a destination. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 30(3), 354–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348006286797
Koç, E., Yumuşak, S., Ulukoy, M., Kılıç, R., & Toptaş, A. (2014). Are internship programs encouraging or discouraging? A viewpoint of hospitality students in Turkey. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 15, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2014.10.001
Koen, J., Klehe, U., & Van Vianen, A. M. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003
Kong, H., Cheung, C., & Song, H. (2012). Determinants and outcome of career competencies: Perspectives of hotel managers in China. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 712–719.
Kurnaz, A., Kurnaz, H. A., & Kılıç, B. (2014). The determination of vocational attitudes of associate degree culinary programme students. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 32, 41–61.
Lam, L. W. (2012). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople's commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1328–1334.
Leung, S. A., Mo, J., Yuen, M., & Cheung, R. (2022). Testing the career adaptability model with senior high school students in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 139, 103808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103808
Lu, T., & Adler, H. (2009). Career goals and expectations of hospitality and tourism students in China. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 9(2), 63–80.
Maggiori, C., Johnston, C. S., Krings, F., Massoudi, K., & Rossier, J. (2013). The role of career adaptability and work conditions on general and professional well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 437–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.001
Maier, T. A. (2016). Convention hotel food and beverage operating efficiency profile. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 19(5), 514–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2016.1189751
Ng, T. W. H., & Sorensen, K. L. (2009). Dispositional affectivity and work-related outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1255–1287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00481.x
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. R. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Ohme, M., & Zacher, H. (2015). Job performance ratings: The relative importance of mental ability, conscientiousness, and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87(1), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.01.003
Onat, G., Karakuş, Y., Pimentel, T. D., & Doğan, Y. (2021). Antecedents of the concept of travel intention during the pandemic: A case study from Turkey. Rosa dos Ventos Turismo e Hospitalidade, 13(Especial Covid-19), 1–26.
Pala, K., & Daskin, M. (2021). Gastro-tourism: Traditional Amasya gastro recipes. İKSAD Publishing House.
Ren, S., Islam, M. T., & Chadee, D. (2022). Career adaptability of international hospitality management students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Focus on the role of language communication competence. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54, 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.12.019
Richardson, S. (2008). Undergraduate tourism and hospitality students' attitudes toward a career in the industry: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 8(1), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220802410112
Ringle, C. M., Sven, W., & Jan-Michael, B. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS.
Robinson, R. N. S., & Barron, P. E. (2007). Developing a framework for understanding the impact of deskilling and standardisation on the turnover and attrition of chefs. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26, 913–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2006.10.002
Rossier, J., Zecca, G., Stauffer, S. D., Maggiori, C., & Dauwalder, J. P. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in a French-speaking Swiss sample: Psychometric properties and relationships to personality and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 734–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.004
Santich, B. (2007). Hospitality and gastronomy: Natural allies, Hospitality: A social Lens.
Santilli, S., Marcionetti, J., Rochat, S., Rossier, J. & Nota, L. (2017). Career adaptability, hope, optimism, and life satisfaction in Italian and Swiss Adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 44(1), 1-15.
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M. & Hair, J. F. (2017). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In Homburg et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Market Research. Springer International Publishing.
Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. Career Development Quarterly, 45(3), 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb00469.x
Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. In R. W. Lent & S. D. Brown (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (2nd ed., pp. 147-183). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Savickas, M. L. & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4-11.
Silva, C. T., Hakim, M. P., Zanetta, L. D., Pinheiro, G. S. D. D., Gemma, S. F. B. & da Cunha, D. T. (2021). Burnout and food safety: Understanding the role of job satisfaction and menu complexity in foodservice. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102705
Singh, F. & Kaur, M. (2016). Why exporting SMEs switch banks? Global Business Review, 16(4), 652-664.
Soresi, S., Nota, L. & Ferrari, L. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale-Italian Form: Psychometric properties and relationships to breadth of interests, quality of life, and perceived barriers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 705-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.020
Sormaz, Ü., Yılmaz, M., Onur, M. & Madenci, A. B. (2020). Use of local products as a touristic product in the scope of gastronomy tourism: The example of Konya. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 8(4), 523-537. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.702
Spink, A. & Cole, C. (2008). Waller M. Multitasking Behavior. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 42(1), 93-118. https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.2008.1440420110
Şahin, T. & Arman, A. (2014). Analyzing the reasons to choose culinary training in associate degree level. Academic Sight International Refereed Online Journal, 41, 1-12.
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Tien, H.-L. S., Lin, S. H., Hsieh, P. J. & Jin, S. R. (2014). The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in Macau: Psychometric characteristics and construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.01.005
Turkey Travel Agencies Association (TURSAB). (2015). Gastronomy tourism report. Retrieved from https://www.tursab.org.tr/dosya/12302/tursab-gastronomi-turizmi-report
Twaissi, N. M., Alhawtmeh, O. M. & Al-Laymoun, O. H. (2022). Polychronicity, job performance, and work engagement: The mediating role of supervisor’s organizational embodiment and moderation of psychological ownership. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), 2143012. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2143012
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2012). Global report on food tourism. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2021). Travel tomorrow, tourism & gastronomy. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/gastronomy
Wilkinson, T. (2011). The law and using your mobile phone while driving. United Kingdom.
World Food Travel Association. (2022). What is food tourism? Retrieved from https://worldfoodtravel.org/what-is-food-tourism/
Yousefi, Z., Abedi, M., Baghban, I., Eatemadi, O. & Abedi, A. (2011). Personal and situational variables, and career concerns: Predicting career adaptability in young adults. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 263-271. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n1.23
Zhao, X. (R.) & Ghiselli, R. (2016). Why do you feel stressed in a “smile factory”? Hospitality job characteristics influence work–family conflict and job stress. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(2), 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2014-0385

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Gastronomy

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Kenan Pala ^*
0000-0003-4903-1433
Türkiye

Mustafa Daşkın
0000-0002-2453-490X
Türkiye

İbrahim İlhan
0000-0002-6614-9356
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 26, 2025

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

June 25, 2025

Acceptance Date

September 17, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 11 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1727277

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA43WE63KU

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Pala, K., Daşkın, M., & İlhan, İ. (2025). Importance of Polychronicity trait for culinary arts profession and career adaptability as an antecedent: The moderating role of kitchen internship. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 11(2), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1727277

AMA

1.Pala K, Daşkın M, İlhan İ. Importance of Polychronicity trait for culinary arts profession and career adaptability as an antecedent: The moderating role of kitchen internship. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research. 2025;11(2):75-86. doi:10.24288/jttr.1727277

Chicago

Pala, Kenan, Mustafa Daşkın, and İbrahim İlhan. 2025. “Importance of Polychronicity Trait for Culinary Arts Profession and Career Adaptability As an Antecedent: The Moderating Role of Kitchen Internship”. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research 11 (2): 75-86. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1727277.

EndNote

Pala K, Daşkın M, İlhan İ (September 1, 2025) Importance of Polychronicity trait for culinary arts profession and career adaptability as an antecedent: The moderating role of kitchen internship. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research 11 2 75–86.

IEEE

[1]K. Pala, M. Daşkın, and İ. İlhan, “Importance of Polychronicity trait for culinary arts profession and career adaptability as an antecedent: The moderating role of kitchen internship”, Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 75–86, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.24288/jttr.1727277.

ISNAD

Pala, Kenan - Daşkın, Mustafa - İlhan, İbrahim. “Importance of Polychronicity Trait for Culinary Arts Profession and Career Adaptability As an Antecedent: The Moderating Role of Kitchen Internship”. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research 11/2 (September 1, 2025): 75-86. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1727277.

JAMA

1.Pala K, Daşkın M, İlhan İ. Importance of Polychronicity trait for culinary arts profession and career adaptability as an antecedent: The moderating role of kitchen internship. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research. 2025;11:75–86.

MLA

Pala, Kenan, et al. “Importance of Polychronicity Trait for Culinary Arts Profession and Career Adaptability As an Antecedent: The Moderating Role of Kitchen Internship”. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, vol. 11, no. 2, Sept. 2025, pp. 75-86, doi:10.24288/jttr.1727277.

Vancouver

1.Kenan Pala, Mustafa Daşkın, İbrahim İlhan. Importance of Polychronicity trait for culinary arts profession and career adaptability as an antecedent: The moderating role of kitchen internship. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research. 2025 Sep. 1;11(2):75-86. doi:10.24288/jttr.1727277