The Pathways from Cyberostracism, Dispositional Hope, and Self-efficacy to Psychological Well-being among University Students: A Serial Mediation Study

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 453 - 468, 31.08.2024

Osman Hatun

Öz

The phenomenon of cyberostracism, characterized by exclusion and being ignored in virtual environments, can negatively impact mental health. Previous research has not adequately explored the impact of cyberostracism on well-being or the role of potential mediating variables in this relationship. Examining these mediating pathways can enhance our understanding of how cyberostracism affects individuals' psychological well-being and may inform intervention strategies to mitigate its negative effects. This study aimed to investigate the links between cyberostracism, dispositional hope, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. The participants consisted of 322 college students aged 18 to 40 (M = 21.14, SD = 2.56), selected using a convenience sampling method. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and bootstrap analysis were employed to explore how hope and self-efficacy might mediate the link between cyberostracism and psychological well-being. The results indicated that cyberostracism, dispositional hope, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being were significantly associated with one another. Furthermore, SEM and bootstrap analyses showed that dispositional hope and self-efficacy significantly mediated the link between cyberostracism and psychological well-being. In conclusion, the findings suggest that dispositional hope and self-efficacy may mitigate the adverse impact of cyberostracism on psychological well-being. These results may contribute significantly to counseling practices and educational research aimed at supporting college students' psychological well-being and preventing the negative effects of cyberostracism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cyberostracism, Dispositional Hope, Self-efficacy, Psychological Well-being

Etik Beyan

: In this study, I declare that the rules stated in the "Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive" are complied with and that I do not take any of the actions based on "Actions Against Scientific Research and Publication Ethics". At the same time, I declare that there is no conflict of interest, and that all the responsibility belongs to the article author in case of all ethical violations. The study protocol has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Sinop University (Approval No: 2024/84; Date: 2024/05/02). Informed consent was obtained from all participants for being included in the study.

Kaynakça

• Akçay, A., & Kayiş, A. R. (2023). Cyberostracism and knowledge sharing: The mediating role of social anxiety in e-learning environments. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 6(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1097719
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
• Bukhari, S. R., & Khanam, S. J. (2017). Relationship of academic performance and well-being in university students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 56(4), 126-130.
• Covert, J. & Stefanone, M. (2018). Does rejection still hurt? examining the effects of network attention and exposure to online social exclusion. Social Science Computer Review, 38(2), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318795128
• Dial, L., DeNardo, F., Fevrier, B., Morgan, A., Du, C., Tucker, R., Hsiao, P., & Ludy, M. (2021). Comparing mental health and well-being of US undergraduate and graduate students during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of American College Health, 71, 2775 - 2785. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1996372
• Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
• Donate, A., Marques, L., Lapenta, O., Asthana, M., Amodio, D., & Boggio, P. (2017). Ostracism via virtual chat room—effects on basic needs, anger and pain. Plos One, 12(9), e0184215. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184215
• Duggleby, W., Cooper, D., & Penz, K. (2009). Hope, self‐efficacy, spiritual well‐being and job satisfaction. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(11), 2376-2385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05094.x
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
• Gallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., & Phillips, C. A. (2020). Hope, optimism, self‐efficacy, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta‐analytic review of the protective effects of positive expectancies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(3), 329-355. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22882
• Ganji, M., Samani, F., & Sadeghi, E. (2023). Factors influencing the hope level of Iranian English major students. Polish Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.24425/ppb.2021.139163
• Hartgerink, C. H. J., van Beest, I., Wicherts, J.M., &Williams, K. D. (2015). The ordinal effects of ostracism: A meta-analysis of 120 cyberball studies. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0127002. 10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0127002.
• Hatun, O., & Demirci, İ. (2022). Developing the cyberostracism scale and examining its psychometric characteristics. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 1063–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00426-6
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
• Hayes, R. A., Wesselmann, E. D., & Carr, C. T. (2018). When nobody “likes” you: perceived ostracism through paralinguistic digital affordances within social media. Social Media + Society, 4(3), 205630511880030. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118800309.
• Heinitz, K., Lorenz, T., Schulze, D., & Schorlemmer, J. (2018). Positive organizational behavior: longitudinal effects on subjective well-being. PLoS ONE, 13(6), e0198588. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198588
• Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Huen, J., Ip, B., Ho, S., & Yip, P. (2015). Hope and hopelessness: the role of hope in buffering the impact of hopelessness on suicidal ideation. Plos One, 10(6), e0130073. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130073
• Kaplan, G., Shema, S., & Leite, C. (2008). Socioeconomic determinants of psychological well-being: the role of income, income change, and income sources during the course of 29 years.. Annals of Epidemiology, 18 7, 531-7 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.03.006
• Kaya, M., & Erdem, C. (2021). Students’ well-being and academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Child Indicators Research, 14(5), 1743-1767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09821-4
• Kline, P. (2015). A handbook of test construction (psychology revivals): Introduction to psychometric design, New York: Routledge.
• Lataster, J., Reijnders, J., Janssens, M., Simons, M., Peeters, S., & Jacobs, N. (2022). Basic psychological need satisfaction and well-being across age: a cross-sectional general population study among 1709 Dutch speaking adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(5), 2259-2290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00482-2
• Li, C., Ivarsson, A., Lam, L. T., & Sun, J. (2019). Basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, stress, and sports injury among university athletes: a four-wave prospective survey. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 665. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00665
• Li, X., Mu, W., Wang, Y., Xie, P., Zhang, Y., & Liu, T. (2022). Different roles of rumination and mindfulness among cyber-ostracized adolescents’ psychological well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031222
• Limone, P., & Toto, G. (2022). Psychological Strategies and Protocols for Promoting School Well-Being: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914063
• Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1207/ S15328007SEM0902_1
• Lutz, S. & Schneider, F. (2020). Is receiving dislikes in social media still better than being ignored? the effects of ostracism and rejection on need threat and coping responses online. Media Psychology, 24(6), 741-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2020.1799409
• Lutz, S. (2022). Why Don’t You Answer Me?! Exploring the Effects of (Repeated Exposure to) Ostracism via Messengers on Users’ Fundamental Needs, Well-Being, and Coping Motivation. Media Psychology, 26, 113 - 140. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2101008.
• Magaletta, P. R., & Oliver, J. M. (1999). The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with self‐efficacy, optimism, and general well‐being. Journal of clinical psychology, 55(5), 539-551.
• Martela, F., Lehmus-Sun, A., Parker, P. D., Pessi, A. B., & Ryan, R. M. (2023). Needs and well-being across Europe: Basic psychological needs are closely connected with well-being, meaning, and symptoms of depression in 27 European countries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 14(5), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221113678
• Mattila, A., Andreau, L., Hanks, L., & Kim, E. (2013). The impact of cyberostracism on online complaint handling. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 41(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590551311288166
• Navarro-Carrillo, G., Alonso-Ferres, M., Moya, M., & Valor-Segura, I. (2020). Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Well-Being: Revisiting the Role of Subjective Socioeconomic Status. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1303 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01303
• Nezlek, J. B., Wesselmann, E. D., Wheeler, L., & Williams, K. D. (2012). Ostracism in everyday life. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16(2), 91-104. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0028029
• Niu, G., Zhou, Z., Sun, X., Yu, F., Xie, X., Liu, Q., & Lian, S. (2018). Cyber-ostracism and its relation to depression among Chinese adolescents: The moderating role of optimism. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 105-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2017.10.032.
• Oktar, D., Ünsal, A., Arslantas, D., Mutlu, A., & Muz, F. N. Ö. (2022). Cyberostracism and self-esteem: A study on medical faculty students in western Turkey. Osmangazi Journal of Medicine, 44(2), 177-185. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.992587
• Pamuk, M., & Cırcır, O. (2023). The Mediator Role of Emotional Stability in the Relationship Between the Psychological Adjustment and Cyberostracism of University Students. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 12(2), 459-470. https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V12.N2.07
• Parameswari, J. (2015). Interpersonal relationship among College Students: an assessment. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(2), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.25215/0202.046
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
• Rand, K. L., Shanahan, M. L., Fischer, I. C., & Fortney, S. K. (2020). Hope and optimism as predictors of academic performance and subjective well-being in college students. Learning and Individual differences, 81, 101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101906
• Ren, K., Liu, X., Feng, Y., Li, C., Sun, D., & Qiu, K. (2021). The relationship between physical activity and academic procrastination in chinese college students: the mediating role of self-efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111468
• Roslan, S., Ghiami, Z., & Memon, M. (2021). Mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between optimism, psychological well-being, and resilience among iranian students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675645
• Rubin, H.H. (2001). Hope and ways of copingafter breast cancer. (Unpublished MA Thesis), Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg.
• Rustoen, T., Cooper, B. A., & Miaskowski, C. (2010). The importance of hope as a mediator of psychological distress and life satisfaction in a community sample of cancer patients. Cancer Nursing, 33(4), 258–267.
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The darker and brighter sides of human existence: Basic psychological needs as a unifying concept. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_03
• Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
• Schneider, F. M., Zwillich, B., Bindl, M. J., Hopp, F. R., Reich, S., & Vorderer, P. (2017). Social media ostracism: The effects of being excluded online. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 385-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.052
• Schönfeld, P., Brailovskaia, J., Bieda, A., Zhang, X., & Margraf, J. (2015). The effects of daily stress on positive and negative mental health: Mediation through self-efficacy. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology: IJCHP, 16, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.08.005.
• Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press. Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663-671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
• Shi, L., Li, H., Huang, L., Hou, Y., & Song, L. (2022). Does cyberostracism reduce prosocial behaviors? the protective role of psychological resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074388
• Smith, R., Morgan, J., & Monks, C. (2017). Students' perceptions of the effect of social media ostracism on wellbeing. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.041
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.60.4.570
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
• Tang, X., & Duan, W. (2021). Cyber-ostracism mediates the relationship between perceived stress and emotional well-being among college students. Journal of American College Health, 71(2), 355 - 362. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1891914
• Tarhan, S., & Bacanlı, H. (2015). Sürekli Umut Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of Dispositional Hope Scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study]. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 1-14.
• Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği (PİOO): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The adaptation of Psychological Well-Being into Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Hacettepe Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384.
• Visser, P., Loess, P., Jeglic, E., & Hirsch, J. (2012). Hope as a moderator of negative life events and depressive symptoms in a diverse sample. Stress and Health, 29(1), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2433
• Vorderer, P., & Schneider, F. M. (2017). Social media and ostracism. In K. D. Williams & S. A. Nida (Eds.), Ostracism, exclusion, and rejection (pp. 240–257). New York: Psychology Press.
• Wang, T., Mu, W., Li, X., Gu, X., & Duan, W. (2022). Cyber-ostracism and wellbeing: A moderated mediation model of need satisfaction and psychological stress. Current Psychology, 41, 4931–4941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00997-6
• Webster, D., Dunne, L., & Hunter, R. (2020). Association Between Social Networks and Subjective Well-Being in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Youth & Society, 53, 175 - 210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X20919589
• Wesselmann, E., Wirth, J., Pryor, J., Reeder, G., & Williams, K. (2012). When do we ostracize?. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(1), 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612443386
• Williams, D. (2010). Outcome expectancy and self-efficacy: theoretical implications of an unresolved contradiction. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(4), 417-425. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310368802
• Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
• Williams, K. D., & Nida, S. A. (2011). Ostracism: Consequences and coping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411402480
• Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the İnternet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748–762. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.748.
• Wong, S., King, N., Gariépy, G., Michaelson, V., Canie, O., King, M., Craig, W., & Pickett, W. (2022). Adolescent social media use and its association with relationships and connections: Canadian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, 2017/2018. Health reports, 33 12, 14-23 . https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202201200002-eng
• Wyatt, T., & Oswalt, S. (2013). Comparing Mental Health Issues Among Undergraduate and Graduate Students. American Journal of Health Education, 44, 107 - 96. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2013.764248
• Yıldırım, F., & İlhan, İ. Ö. (2010). Genel öz yeterlilik ölçeği türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması [Validity and reliability study of the Turkish Form of the General Self-efficacy Scale]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(4), 301-308.
• Yin, X., Li, Z., Yuan, Y., & Wang, Z. (2019). Developmental trajectory of hope among late-adolescents: Population heterogeneity and the impact of gender and family socioeconomic status. Journal of Adolescence, 72, 124-131 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.03.003
• Yuju, L. , Chenyan, Z., Gengfeng, N., Yuantian, T., Yuan, T. & Zongkui, Z. (2018). The association between cyber-ostracism and depression: The mediation effect of self-esteem and the moderating effect of mindfulness. Journal of Psychological Science, 41(1), 98-104
• Zakharova, V., Chernov, I., Nazarenko, T., Pavlov, P., Lyubchenko, V., & Kulikova, A. (2020). Social health and environmental behavior of students in the digital age. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(5), 1288-1294. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v15i5.5167
• Zwolinski, J. (2014). Does inclusion after ostracism influence the persistence of affective distress?. Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice, 18(4), 282-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000012