Günümüzde Kuzey ve Kuzey Batı Çin’de Konuşulan Çin – Tibet Dilleri Dışındaki Dillerin Durumu II Altay Dilleri 2 – Tunguzca

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 9, 244 - 314, 30.06.2020

Gökçe Yükselen Peler

https://doi.org/10.38060/kare.740597

Öz

Günümüzde, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde, resmen azınlık milliyeti olarak tanınmış beş tane Tunguz topluluğu mevcuttur. Bunlar; Evenk, Oroçen, Heje, Mançu ve Sibe milliyetleridir. Ancak resmen tanınmış olan bu Tunguz milliyetlerinin dillik temellerden yoksun olduğu görülmektedir. Evenk adı altında, Solon Evenk Tunguzları, Hamnigan Evenk Tunguzları ve Mançurya Rengeyiği Evenk Tunguzları tek bir milliyet olarak sınıflandırılmaktadırlar. Oysa Solon Evenk Tunguzlarının konuştukları lehçe, diğer ikisinin konuştukları lehçelerden tamamen başka bir Tunguz lehçesidir. Buna mukabil, konuştukları lehçe, Hamnigan ve Mançurya Rengeyiği Evenek Tunguzlarının konuştukları lehçeler ile oldukça benzeşen Oroçen Tunguzları, ayrı bir milliyet olarak tanınmaktadır. Heje adı altında tanınan Tunguz milliyeti de en az Evenk kimliği kadar, dillik bakımdan sorunludur. Bu isim altında, Rusya Federasyonu’nda konuşulan iki ayrı Tunguz lehçesinin Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’ndeki uzantılarını konuşan Nanay ve Kilen Tunguzları, tek milliyet olarak tasnif edilmiştir. Sibe Tunguzları da aslında Mançu Tunguzlarının bir kabilesi olmaları ve Mançu Tunguzcasının bir ağzını konuşmalarına rağmen, resmen Sibe ve Mançu adı altında iki ayrı milliyet ve dil tanınmaktadır. Bu beş Tunguz milliyeti tarafından konuşulan dokuz ayrı Tunguz lehçesinin İç Moğolistan ve Mançurya’da yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Tunguz lehçelerinin birden fazla lehçe ile temsil edildiği bir diğer coğrafya, Doğu Türkistan’dır. Bu dokuz lehçenin tamamı, farklı oranlarda yok olma tehlikesi ile karşı karşıyadır. Hatta bazı lehçeler ya tamamen ya da kısmen yok olmanın eşiğine gelmişlerdir. Ancak dünya yüzünde gelecekte yaşama ihtimali olan iki Tunguz lehçesinin her ikisi de yine Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde konuşulmaktadır. Bunların biri İç Moğolistan’ın Hülün Buir aymağında konuşulan Solon Evenk Tunguzcası, diğeri ise Doğu Türkistan’ İli Muhtar Kazak İli’nde konuşulan Sibe Mançu Tunguzcasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, Tunguzca, Tunguz Lehçeleri, Çince, Moğolca

he Present Situation of Non-Sino-Tibetan Languages Spoken in Northern and North-Western China II Altaic Languages 2 – Tungusic

Öz

There are five officially recognized Tungusic minority nationalities in contemporary China. These are the Evenks, the Orochens, the Heje, the Manchu and the Xibe. However these officially recognized Tungusic nationalities do not overlap with the linguistic realities of Tungusic. The Solons, the Khamnigans and the Manchurian Reindeer Tungus are classified under the Evenk nationality. However the Tungusic variety spoken by the Solons is a completely different variety than those of the latter two. On the other hand, the Orochens, who speak a Tungusic variety very close to those of the Hamnigan and the Manchurian Reindeer Tungus, are classified as a separate nationality. Linguistically the Heje nationality is at the least as problematic as the Evenk. The Nanai and the Kilen, who speak the offsets of two separate varieties originally spoken in the Russian Federation, are classified under the Heje nationality. On the other hand, the Xibe, who originally are a Manchu tribe and speak a Manchu variety, are classified as a separate nationality than the Manchu. At least nine Tungusic varieties spoken by these five nationalities are concentrated in Inner Mongolia and Manchuria. Another region where Tungusic is represented with more than one variety, is Eastern Turkestan. All nine of these varieties are facing the threat of extinction, though various levels. As a matter of fact some of these varieties are completely or regionally moribund. Nevertheless both of the two Tungusic varieties, which are thought to have the chance of survival in the future are spoken in the People’s Republic of China. One of these is Solon spoken in the Hulun Buir League of Inner Mongolia, the other being Sibe, which is spoken in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

People`s Republic of China, Tungusic, Tungusic Varieties, Chinese, Mongolian

Kaynakça

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