TRAVMATİK DOĞUM ve HEMŞİRELİK YAKLAŞIMLARI

Öz

Doğum birçok kadın için yaşamlarında önemli bir dönüm noktasıdır. Bu deneyim bazı kadınlar için olumlu algılanırken, bazıları için travmatik olabilir. Doğum travması, kadının doğumu kendisi ya da bebeği için ölüm veya yaralanma tehdidi olarak algılamasıdır. Gebelik dönemine, doğum anına ya da doğum sonrası döneme ait bazı faktörler, doğum travmasına sebep olabilir. Travmatik doğum kadını, bebeğini ve ailesini fiziksel ve duygusal olarak olumsuz etkiler. Doğum travması hemşire, ebe, psikolog, psikiyatrist ve sosyal hizmet uzmanları tarafından ele alınması gereken bir durumdur. Doğum travmasının önlenmesinde hemşire doğum travması açısından riskli kadınların tanılamalı, kadının gebeliğe uyumunu arttırmalı, doğum travmasını önlemeye yönelik yapılandırılmış doğuma hazırlık sınıfını yürütebilmelidir. Ayrıca, doğumda destekleyici bakım hizmeti sunmalı, doğum sonrası dönemde deneyim paylaşımı ve olumsuz deneyimlerin yeniden anlamlandırılmasına destek olmalı ve gerekli durumlarda uygun yönlendirmeyi yapabilmelidir. Bu makalenin amacı, doğum travması kavramını, risk faktörlerini, etkilerini açıklamak ve hemşirenin sorumluluklarına dikkat çekmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• doğum, travmatik doğum, hemşirelik, derleme

Traumatic Childbirth And Nursing Approaches

Öz

Childbirth is viewed by many as a life transition that can bring a sense of accomplishment. However, birth is experienced as a traumatic event for some women. The women who have a history of a traumatic birth felt threatened by death or serious injury about herself and her baby in her birth. Some risk factors which lead to prenatal, innatal and postnatal may cause traumatic birth. A traumatic birth experience can impact on the physical and emotional wellbeing of a woman, her infant and family. Traumatic birth is a condition that needs to be addressed by nurses, midwives, psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers. The nursing approaches at traumatic birth include diagnosed her who has risk for a traumatic birth; increased women’s pregnancy adaptation; providing supportive care in delivery; understanding the women’s birth experience, re-interpretation and performing referred if necessary in postnatal period. This article presents that the concept of traumatic birth, risk factors, and the nurse's responsibilities

Anahtar Kelimeler

• childbirth, travmatic birth, nursing, review

Kaynakça

1. Adams, S.S., Eberhard-Gran, M. & Eskild, A. (2012). Fear of childbirth and duration of labour: a study of 2206 women with intended vaginal delivery. BJOG, 119(10):1238-46.
2. Alipour, Z., Lamyian, M., Hajizadeh, E., Vafaei, M.A. (2011). The association between antenatal anxiety and fear of childbirth in nulliparous women: a prospective study Iran.
3. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 16(2):169-73. Andersen, L.B., Melvaer, L.B., Videbech, P., Lamont, R.F., Joergensen, J.S. (2012). Risk factors for developing post-traumatic stress disoreder following childbirth: a systematic review. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 91;1261-1272.
4. Ayers, S. (2004). Delivery as a traumatic event: prevalance, risk factors and treatment for postnatal posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, (3),552-567
5. Ayers, S., Jessop, D., Pike, A., Parfitt, Y., Ford, E. (2014). The role of adult attachment style, birth intervention and support in posttraumatic stress after childbirth: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155,295-298.
6. Ayers, S., Eagle, A. & Waring, H. (2006). The effects of childbirth –related postraumatic stresdisorder on women and their relationships: a qualitative study. Psychology,
7. Health and Medicine, 11(4), 389-398. Ayers, S. (2007). Thoughts and emotions during traumatic birth: a qualitative study. Birth, (3), 253-263.
8. Ayers, S. (2014). Fear of childbirth, postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder and midwifery care. Midwifery 2014;30:145-148.

9. Beck, T.C. & Watson, S. (2008). Impact of birth taruma on breastfeeing: a tale of two patways. Nursing Research, 57(4), 22-236
10. Boorman, R.J., Devilly, G.J., Gamble, J., Creedy, D.K., Fenwick, J. (2014). Childbirth and criteria for tarumatic events. Midwifery, 30, 255-261.
11. Bussche, E.V., Crombez, G., Eccleston, C. & Sullivan, M.J.L. (2007). Why women prefer epidural analgesia during childirth. The role of beliefs about epidural analgesia and pain catastrophizing. European Journal of Pain, 11, 275-282.
12. Creedy, K.D., Sochet, M.I. &Horsfall, J. (2000). Childbirth and development of acut trauma symptoms: incidence and contributing factors. Birth, 27(2), 105-111.
13. Cunen, N.B., McNeill, J., Murray K. (2014). A systematic review of midwife-led interventions to address post partum post-traumatic stress. Midwifery, 30, 170-184.
14. Elmir, R.,Virginia, S.,Lesley, W. & Jackson, D. (2010). Women’s percetions and experiences of a traumatic birth: a metaethnography. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(10), 2142
15. Fenech, G., Thomson, G. (2014). A meta-synthesisto explore the psychosocial implications of a traumatic birth on maternal well-being. Midwifery, 30, 185–193.
16. Ford, E., & Ayers, S. (2009). Stressful events and support during birth: The effect on anxiety, mood and perceived control. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 260-268.
17. Furuta, M., Sandall, J., Cooper, D., & Bick, D. (2014). The relationship between severe maternal morbidity and psychological health symptoms at 6-8 weeks postpartum: a prospective cohort study in one English maternity unit. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 7, , 133.
18. Gamble, J. & Creedy, D.K. (2009). A counselling model for postpartum women after distressing birth experiences. Midwifery, 25, 21-30.
19. Garthus-Niegel, S., von Soest, T., Vollrath, M.E., & Eberhard-Gran, M. (2013). The impact of subjective birth experiences on post-traumatic stress symptoms: a longitudinal study. Arch Womens Ment Health, 16:1–10.
20. Garthus-Niegel, S., von Soest, T., Knoph, C., Simenosen, T.B., Torgersen, L., Eberhard-Gran, M. (2014). The influence of women’s preferences and actual mode of delivery on post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth: a population-based, longitudinal study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14, 191.
21. Goldbord, J.G. (2009). Women’s lived experience of their unexpected birthing process. The American Journal ofMaternal/Child Nursing, 34(1), 57-62.
22. Grekin, R. & O’Hara, M.W. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analsis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 389-401.
23. Haines, H.M., Hildingsson, I., Pallant, J.F., Rubertsson, C. (2013). The role of women’s attitudinal profiles in satisfaction with the quality of their antenatal and intrapartum care. JOGNN, 42(4): 428-441.
24. Harris, R., Ayers, S. (2012). What makes labour and birth traumatic? A survey of intrapartum
25. ‘hotspots’. Psychol Health, 27, 1166-1177.
26. Hodnett, E.D., Gates, S., Hofmeyr, G.J., & Sakala, C. (2012). Continuous support for women during childbirth (Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev.,17;10:CD003766.
27. Iles, J., Slade, P., Spiby, H. (2011). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and postpartum depression in couples after childbirth: The role of partner support and attachment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 520-530.
28. Lemola, S., Stadlmary, M., & Grob, A. (2007). Maternal adjustment five months after birth: the impact of the subjective experience of childbirth and emotional support from the partner. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 25(3), 190-202.
29. Modarres, M., Afrasiabi, S., Rahnama, P., Montazeri, A. (2012). Prevalence and risk factors of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, ;88.
30. Moyer, C.A., Adongo, P.B., Aborigo, R.A., Hodgson, A., Engmann, C.M. (2014). 'They treat you like you are not a human being': maltreatment during labour and delivery in rural northern Ghana. Midwifery, 30, 262-268.
31. Nicholls, K. & Ayers, S. (2007). Childbirth related posttraumatic stress disorder in couples: a qualitative study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 491-509.
32. Nieminen, K., Stephansson, O. & Ryding, E.L. (2009). Women’s fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section- a cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnanc in
33. Sweden. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica, 88:807-813. Nilsson, C., Bondas, T. & Lundgren, I. (2010). Previous birth experience in women with intense fear of childbirth. JOGNN,39, 298-309.
34. O'Donovan, A., Alcorn, K.L., Patrick, J.C., Creedy, D.K., Dawe, S., & Devilly, G.J. (2014).
35. Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth. Midwifery, 30, 935-941. Olde, E., Hart, V.O., Kleber, B., & Son, V.M. (2006). Posttarumatic stres following chilbirth: a review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 1-16.
36. Reynolds, J.L. Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: the phenomenon of traumatic birth. Canadian Medical Association, 156(6):831-5. Rowan, C., Bick, D., Bastos, M. (2007). Postnatal debriefing interventions to prevent maternal mental health problems after birth: exploring the gap between the evidence and UK policy and practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 4, 97-105.
37. Salomonsson, B., Gullberg, M.T., Alehagen, S., Wijma, K. (2013). Self-efficacy beliefs ad fear of childbirth in nulliparous women. Journal of Psychsomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 34(3):116-121.
38. Sercekus, P. & Okumus, H. (2009). Fears associated with childbirth among nulliparous women in Turkey. Midwifery, 25(2):155-62.
39. Sieber, S., Germann, N., Barbir, A., Ehlert, U. (2006). Emotional well-being and predictors of birth-anxity, self-efficacy, and psychosocial adaptation in healthy pregnant women. Acta
40. Obstetricia et Gynecologica, 85:1200-1207.
41. Soet, J.E., Brack, G.A., Dilorio C. (2003). Prevelance and predictors of women’s experience of psychological trauma during childbirth. Birth, 30(1), 36-46.
42. Söderquist, J., Wijma, K., Wijma, B. (2002). Traumatic stress after childbirth: the role of obstetric variables. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol, 23, 31-39.
43. Verreault, N., Da Costa, D., Marchand, A., Ireland, K., Banack, H., Dritsa, M., & Khalife, S. (2012). PTSD following childbirth: A prospective study of incidence and risk factors in
44. Canadian women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 73, 257-263. Waldenström, U., Hildingsson, I., Rubertsson, C. & Radestad, I. (2004). A negatif birth experience: prevalance and risk factors in a national sample. Birth, 31 (1), 17-27.