Sigara İçenlerde Nazal Mukosiliyer Aktivitedeki Değişimler

Abstract

 Amaç: Nazal mukosiliyer aktivite nazal mukozal fonksiyonların iyi bir göstergesi olup vücut için önemli savunma mekanizmalarından birisidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, nazal mukosiliyer aktiviteyi etkileyen diğer faktörleri çalışma dışı bırakarak, sigara içiminin ve sigara miktarının nazal mukosiliyer aktivite üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. 

Gereç ve Yöntem: Yüz yirmi üç sigara içen (vaka grubu) ve yetmiş dört sigara içmeyen (kontrol grubu) olmak üzere 18-55 yaş arasındaki toplam yüz doksan yedi hasta çalışmaya alındı. Tüm katılımcılara, sakarin transfer zamanı (STT) testi, CO ölçümü, Fagerstrom Testi ve sigara içme özelliklerini içeren bir anket uygulandı.

Bulgular: Vaka ve kontrol grubu arasında mukosiliyer aktiviteyi etkileyen yaş ve beden kitle indeksi parametreleri açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmadı. Bu çalışmada, olgu ve kontrol grubu arasındaki mukosiliyer transfer süresinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edildi. Ayrıca, STT ile günde sigara içilen sigara sayısı, STT ve paket yılı, STT ve sigara içilen yıllar arasında pozitif bir korelasyon tespit edildi.

Sonuç: Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada sigaranın nazal mukosiliyer sistemi bozduğu ve bu durumun içilen sigara miktarı ve süresiyle doğru orantılı olarak gerçekleştiği gösterilmiştir

Keywords

• Sigara,Sakarin Transfer Süresi,Mukosiliyer Aktivite

Nasal Mucociliary Activity Changes in Smokers

Abstract

Objective: Nasal mucociliary activity, which is a good indicator of nasal mucosal function, is one of the most important defense mechanisms of the body. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of smoking and cigarette consumption on nasal mucociliary activity per se by singling out other factors affecting nasal mucociliary activity. Methods: One hundred ninety seven patients aged 18-55 years, one hundred twenty three smokers (case group) and seventy four non-smokers (control group), were included in the present study. Saccharin transfer time (STT) test, CO measurement, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, and a questionnaire including smoking characteristics were applied to all participants.

Results: No statistically significant difference was determined between the case and control group in terms of age and body mass index parameters affecting mucociliary activity. In the present study, a statistically significant difference was determined in the mucociliary transfer time between the case and the control group. Moreover, a positive correlation between saccharin transfer time (STT) and number of cigarettes smoked per day, STT and package-year, STT and total smoking years was also determined.

Conclusions: In conclusion, smoking has been in the present study determined to deteriorate nasal mucociliary system with a direct proportion to the amount and total duration of smoking.

Keywords

• Smoking,Saccharin Transfer Time,Mucociliary Activity

References

1. 1. Czaja JM, McCaffrey TV. The correlation between ciliary ultrastructure and ciliary beat frequency in experimental chronic sinusitis. American journal of rhinology. 1998;12(5):317-23.
2. 2. Ballenger JJ SJ. Otorhinolarynhology Head and Neck Surgery. 15 ed1996 1996.
3. 3. Deitmer T. Physiology and pathology of the mucociliary system. Special regards to mucociliary transport in malignant lesions of the human larynx. Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology. 1989;43:1-136.
4. 4. Sakakura Y, Ukai K, Majima Y, Murai S, Harada T, Miyoshi Y. Nasal mucociliary clearance under various conditions. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1983;96(1-2):167-73.
5. 5. Alberty J, Stoll W. The effect of antiallergic intranasal formulations on ciliary beat frequency of human nasal epithelium in vitro. Allergy. 1998;53(10):986-9.
6. 6. de Marco R, Accordini S, Marcon A, Cerveri I, Anto JM, Gislason T, et al. Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a European cohort of young adults. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2011;183(7):891-7.
7. 7. Agius AM, Wake M, Pahor AL, Smallman LA. Smoking and middle ear ciliary beat frequency in otitis media with effusion. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1995;115(1):44-9.
8. 8. Cohen NA, Zhang S, Sharp DB, Tamashiro E, Chen B, Sorscher EJ, et al. Cigarette smoke condensate inhibits transepithelial chloride transport and ciliary beat frequency. The Laryngoscope. 2009;119(11):2269-74.

9. 9. Jyoti Yadav GK, Rupender K Ranga. Passive smoking affects nasal mucociliary clearance. Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine April-June,2014;15 (2):96-9.
10. 10. Rodrigues FM, Ramos D, Xavier RF, Ito JT, Souza AP, Fernandes RA, et al. Nasal and systemic inflammatory profile after short term smoking cessation. Respiratory medicine. 2014;108(7):999-1006.
11. 11. Al-Sheyab N, Kheirallah KA, Mangnall LJ, Gallagher R. Agreement between exhaled breath carbon monoxide threshold levels and self-reported cigarette smoking in a sample of male adolescents in Jordan. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2015;12(1):841-54.
12. 12. Prochaska JO, Goldstein MG. Process of smoking cessation. Implications for clinicians. Clinics in chest medicine. 1991;12(4):727-35.
13. 13. Fagerstrom KO, Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT. Nicotine addiction and its assessment. Ear, nose, & throat journal. 1990;69(11):763-5.
14. 14. Houtmeyers E, Gosselink R, Gayan-Ramirez G, Decramer M. Regulation of mucociliary clearance in health and disease. The European respiratory journal. 1999;13(5):1177-88.
15. 15. Foster WM, Langenback EG, Bergofsky EH. Disassociation in the mucociliary function of central and peripheral airways of asymptomatic smokers. The American review of respiratory disease. 1985;132(3):633-9.
16. 16. Almirall J, Gonzalez CA, Balanzo X, Bolibar I. Proportion of community-acquired pneumonia cases attributable to tobacco smoking. Chest. 1999;116(2):375-9.
17. 17. Ozlu T, Cay M, Akbulut A, Yekeler H, Naziroglu M, Aksakal M. The facilitating effect of cigarette smoke on the colonization of instilled bacteria into the tracheal lumen in rats and the improving influence of supplementary vitamin E on this process. Respirology. 1999;4(3):245-8.
18. 18. Ho JC, Chan KN, Hu WH, Lam WK, Zheng L, Tipoe GL, et al. The effect of aging on nasal mucociliary clearance, beat frequency, and ultrastructure of respiratory cilia. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2001;163(4):983-8.
19. 19. Kao CH, Jiang RS, Wang SJ, Yeh SH. Influence of age, gender, and ethnicity on nasal mucociliary clearance function. Clinical nuclear medicine. 1994;19(9):813-6.
20. 20. Tamilselvan K, Latha R, Nirmala N, Susiganeshkumar E, Thananjayam A. Does body mass index influence nasal mucociliary clearance? International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences. 2015;4(1):178.
21. 21. K Tamilselvan RL, U Kavitha, N Nirmala and S Srikanth. Effect of Gender on Nasal Mucociliary Clearance. International journal of biomedical research. 2015;6(02):92-6.
22. 22. Baby MK, Muthu PK, Johnson P, Kannan S. Effect of cigarette smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance: A comparative analysis using saccharin test. Lung India : official organ of Indian Chest Society. 2014;31(1):39-42.
23. 23. Ramos EM, De Toledo AC, Xavier RF, Fosco LC, Vieira RP, Ramos D, et al. Reversibility of impaired nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers following a smoking cessation programme. Respirology. 2011;16(5):849-55.
24. 24. Cikojevic D, Krnic M, Marcina S. [Influence of smoking on the nasal mucosa mucociliary transport]. Acta medica Croatica : casopis Hravatske akademije medicinskih znanosti. 2014;68(3):247-51.
25. 25. Xavier RF, Ramos D, Ito JT, Rodrigues FM, Bertolini GN, Macchione M, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking intensity on the mucociliary clearance of active smokers. Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. 2013;86(6):479-85.