Nöropskiyatrik Bozukluklarda Fonksiyonel Yakın-Kızılötesi (İnfrared) Spektroskopisine (fNIRS)- Dayalı Nörofeedback (NF) Eğitim Uygulamaları

Abstract

Fonksiyonel yakın-kızılötesi (infrared) spektrokopisi nöropsikiyatrik araştırmalarda, bilişsel (kognitif) bir aktivite ile ilişkili olarak beyin oksijenizasyonundaki hemodinamik değişiklikleri (oksihemoglobin ve deoksihemoglobin) ölçmeye dayanan ve beyin aktivitesinin gerçek zamanlı değerlendirilmesini sağlayan girişimsel olmayan optiksel bir görüntüleme tekniğidir. Fonksiyonel yakın-kızılötesi (infrared) spektrokopisine dayalı nörofeedback, görsel/işitsel/dokunma uyaranları ile birlikte eğitim seanslarının uygulanması sonucu nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklarda beynin etkin bölgelerindeki hemodinamik değişiklerin, edimsel (operant) koşullanma yolu ile kendi-kendine düzenlenmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, güncel literatür verilerine göre sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu, dikkat eksikliği-hiperaktivite bozukluğu, yeme bozukluğu, şizofreni ve otizm spektrum bozukluğunu içeren nöropsikiyatrik rahatsızlıklarda, fonksiyonel yakın-kızılötesi (infrared) spektrokopisi- nörofeedback eğitimi uygulamaları ve bu eğitimin olası gelişiminin kapsamlı olarak değerlendirilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda, derlemede Pubmed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge/Web of Science, EMBASE, EBSCOhost ve Scopus veri tabanlarında taratılan konu ile ilgili güncel literatür verileri incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme sonucuna göre, nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklarda, etkilenmiş olan özellikle prefrontal korteks, dorsolateral prefrontal korteks, posterior-superior temporal girus, inferior frontal girus hedef beyin bölgelerindeki hemodinamik değişiklere bağlı bilişsel ve davranışsal temelli fonksiyonel aktivitelerin farklı uyaranlar ile kendi kendine düzenlenmesine dayalı fonksiyonel yakın-kızılötesi (infrared) spektrokopisi- nörofeedback eğitim protokollerinin bozukluk/semptom ve bireye özgün olarak uygulanmasının, gelecekte bu hastalıkların tedavilerinde umut verici alternatif bir yöntem olabileceği öngörülmektedir. Bu nedenle, nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklarda etkin nörofeedback tedavi uygulayabilmek için fonksiyonel yakın-kızılötesi (infrared) spektrokopisi- nörofeedback’in klinik etkilerine ek olarak, farklı beyin ağlarındaki (networks) etkilerinin altında yatan mekanizmalara ve aktivite değişikliklerine odaklı çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Keywords

• Nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklar,yakın-kızıl ötesi spektroskopisi,nörofeedback eğitimi,kendi-kendine düzenleme

Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)- Based Neurofeedback (NF) Training in Neurophsychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy is a noninvasive optical imaging technique based on measuring hemodynamic changes (oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin) in the brain oxygenation concerning cognitive activity and enables real-time evaluation of brain activity in neuropsychiatric studies. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback provides self-regulation of hemodynamic changes in the effective regions of the brain as a result of the application of training sessions with visual/auditory/tactile stimuli through operant conditioning in neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this review is to evaluate comprehensively over the possible implementations and development of this neurofeedback training in neuropsychiatric disorders including social anxiety disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, eating disorder, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder according to recent literature data. Accordingly, the current literature related to the subject scanned in Pubmed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge/Web of Science, EMBASE, EBSCOhost and Scopus databases were examined in this review. According to this investigation results, it is predicted to be a promising alternative method that this neurofeedback training protocols are based on the self-regulation of functional activities based cognitive and behavioral with different stimuli and its application as specific to disorder/symptom and individual in the treatment of these disease due to hemodynamic changes in target brain regions that especially prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior-superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, which are particularly affected in neuropsychiatric disorders in the future. Thus, functional near-infrared spectroscopy-neurofeedback studies focusing on the effect mechanisms of different brain networks and activity changes are needed in addition to its clinical effects to perform effective neurofeedback treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Keywords

• Neuropsychiatric disorders,near-infrared spectroscopy,neurofeedback training,self-regulation

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