Evaluation of Cyber Victimization and Self-Esteem Level in High School Students

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of cyber victimization among high school students, to examine some possibly related variables and to evaluate the relation with level of self-esteem in Sivrihisar district of Eskişehir. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between May-June 2018. The study group consisted of 712 students. The questionnaire used in the study includes The Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory-II and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Chi-square test, Mann Whitney U test and Logistic Regression Analysis were performed to analyze the data. It was considered significant if p≤0.05. Results: The 60.1% of the students were female, and the mean value of ages was 16.3±1.2 in years (ranged 13-20). The prevalence of cyber victimization was 51.3% (n=365). When compared to other groups in same subtitle, the risk of being cyber victim was 1.66 times higher in the 9th and 10th grades (CI: 1.20-2.30), 4.56 times higher in individuals with poor family income (CI: 1.18-17.64), 1.53 times in the middle ones (CI: 1.10-2.16), 3.15 times in individuals with social media accounts (CI: 1.00-9.85), and 2.80 times higher in individuals having problems with anyone on the internet (CI: 1.96-4.02). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale scores were higher in cyber victims (p=0.027). Conclusion: It was concluded that cyber victimization is an important problem among high school students in Sivrihisar, and cyber victimization is observed higher in the group with low self-esteem.

Keywords

• Cyber victimization
• self-esteem
• high school student

Lise Öğrencilerinde Siber Mağduriyet ve Benlik Saygısı Düzeyinin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Eskişehir ili Sivrihisar ilçesinde öğrenim görmekte olan lise öğrencilerinde siber mağduriyet sıklığının belirlenmesi, ilişkili olduğu düşünülen bazı faktörlerin incelenmesi ve benlik saygısı düzeyi ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışma Mayıs-Haziran 2018 tarihleri arasında yapılan kesitsel tipte bir araştırmadır. Çalışma grubu toplam 712 öğrenciden oluştu. Çalışmada kullanılan anket form Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Envanteri-II ve Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği’ni içermektedir. Analizler için Ki-kare testi, Mann Whitney U testi ve lojistik regresyon analizi kullanıldı. İstatistiksel anlamlılık değeri olarak p≤0.05 kabul edildi. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin %60.1’i kadındır. Yaşları 13-20 arasında değişmekte olup ortalama 16.3±1.2’dir. Siber mağduriyet görülme sıklığı %51.3 (n=365) olarak bulundu. Siber mağdur olma riski 11 ve 12. sınıflara göre 9 ve 10. sınıflarda 1.66 kat (GA: 1.20-2.30), aile gelir durumu iyi olanlara göre kötü olanlarda 4.56 kat (GA: 1.18-17.64), orta olanlarda 1.53 kat (GA: 1.10-2.16), sosyal medya hesabı olmayanlara göre olanlarda 3.15 kat (GA: 1.00-9.85), internette herhangi biriyle sorun yaşamayanlara göre yaşayanlarda 2.80 kat (GA: 1.96-4.02) daha fazla saptandı. Siber mağdur olanlarda Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği puanı daha yüksek bulundu (p=0.027). Sonuç: Sivrihisar’da öğrenim görmekte olan lise öğrencileri arasında siber mağduriyetin önemli bir sorun olduğu, benlik saygısı düşük olanlarda siber mağduriyetin daha fazla olduğu görüldü.

Keywords

• Siber mağduriyet
• benlik saygısı
• lise öğrencisi

References

1. Wright MF. Cyber victimization and perceived stress: Linkages to late adolescents’ cyber aggression and psychological functioning. Youth&Society. 2015;47(6):789-810.
2. Özdemir Y. Cyber victimization and adolescent self‐esteem: The role of communication with parents. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 2014;17(4):255-63.
3. Lenhart A. Cyberbullying and Online Teens, Pew Internet & American Life Project. 2007.
4. Peker A, Eroğlu Y, Ada Ş. The investigation of predictors of cyberbullying and cybervictimization in adolescents. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012;12(2):185-206.
5. Özdemir S. Review of cyberbullying and cyber victimization in adolescents according to parent and peer relationship [master’s thesis]. [Ankara (TR)]: Gazi University; 2015.
6. Sabancı Y. Irrational beliefs, psychological resilience and psychological needs as predictions of cyber bullying and victimization in adolescents [master’s thesis]. [Gaziantep (TR)]: Gaziantep University; 2018.
7. Topcu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö. RCBI-II: The second revision of the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. 2018;51(1):32-41.
8. Baykal F. Relationship between cyberbullying/cybervictimization and family protective factors in high schools: Afyonkarahisar province case [master’s thesis]. [Afyonkarahisar (TR)]: Afyon Kocatepe University; 2016.

9. Göldağ B. Cyber bullying and cyber victimization status of students at secondary school institutions. Journal of International Social Research. 2017;10(54):720-30.
10. Eroğlu Y, Aktepe E, Akbaba S, Işık A, Özkorumak E. Siber zorbalık ve mağduriyetin yaygınlığının ve risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2015;40(177):93-107.
11. Dalmaç Polat Z, Bayraktar S. Ergenlerde siber zorbalık ve siber mağduriyet ile ilişkili değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities. 2016;6(1):115-32.
12. Luk JW, Wang J, Simons-Morton BG. Bullying victimization and substance use among US adolescents: Mediation by depression. Prev Sci. 2010;11(4):355-9.
13. Eroğlu Y, Peker A. The investigation of peer relationships and cyber bullying status in adolescents. Turkish Studies. 2015;10(11):593-606.
14. Olenik-Shemesh D, Heiman T. Cyberbullying victimization in adolescents as related to body esteem, social support, and social self-efficacy. J Genet Psychol. 2017;178(1):28-43.
15. Pabian S, Vandebosch H. An investigation of short-term longitudinal associations between social anxiety and victimization and perpetration of traditional bullying and cyberbullying. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45(2):328-39.
16. Safaria T, Tentama F, Suyono H. Cyberbully, cybervictim, and forgiveness among Indonesian high school students. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology. 2016;15(3):40-8.
17. Tsitsika A, Janikian M, Wójcik S, Makaruk K, Tzavela E, Tzavara C, et al. Cyberbullying victimization prevalence and associations with internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents in six European countries. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;51:1-7.
18. Chang FC, Lee CM, Chiu CH, Hsi WY, Huang TF, Pan YC. Relationships among cyberbullying, school bullying, and mental health in Taiwanese adolescents. J Sch Health. 2013;83(6):454-62.
19. Kowalski RM, Morgan CA, Limber SP. Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International. 2012;33(5):505-19.
20. Kessel Schneider S, O'Donnell L, Smith E. Trends in cyberbullying and school bullying victimization in a regional census of high school students, 2006‐2012. J Sch Health. 2015;85(9):611-20.
21. Özel S. Relationship among cyber-bullying, ceyberviktimization, depression and self-esteem in high school students [master’s thesis]. [İstanbul (TR)]: Fatih University; 2013.
22. Taştekin E, Bayhan P. Examination of cyber bullying and victimization among adolescents. Online Journal Of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying. 2018;5(2):21-45.
23. Garaigordobil M. Psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Test, a screening instrument to measure cybervictimization, cyberaggression, and cyberobservation. J Interpers Violence. 2017;32(23):3556-76.
24. Turkish Statistical Institute. Central Dissemination System [Internet]. Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute; 2018 Jul [cited 2018 Jul 20]. Available from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr.
25. Erdur-Baker Ö, Kavşut F. Cyber bullying: A new face of peer bullying. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2007;27:31-42.
26. Rosenberg M. Society and The Adolescent Self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1965.
27. Çuhadaroğlu F. Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı [master’s thesis]. [Ankara (TR)]: Hacettepe University; 1986.
28. Yiğit H. Examination of self esteem of the adolescents in respect of life satisfaction and some personal qualities [master’s thesis]. [Konya (TR)]: Selçuk University; 2010.
29. Karaca H. A research on the relationship between the cyber bullying and victimization among secondary school studentsandinternet addiction, functions of the family and the internet usage of the parents [master’s thesis]. [Lefkoşa (CTR)]: Near East University; 2019.
30. Álvarez-García D, Pérez JCN, González AD, Pérez CR. Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 2015;15(3):226-35.