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Pre-service EFL Teachers’ Knowledge and Beliefs about Developmental Dyslexia: Implications for EFL Teacher Training

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 160 - 175, 16.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35207/later.1296792

Öz

This study aims to analyse the misconceptions, knowledge, and knowledge gaps of 176 Turkish pre-service English as a foreign language teachers about dyslexia which is a prevalent developmental disorder. The data were collected at eight different universities in Turkiye and analysed by SPSS 25.0 via descriptive statistics and the Kruskal Wallis Test, considering the participants’ scores on the Knowledge and Beliefs about Developmental Dyslexia scale. In addition to studying the knowledge base about dyslexia, the effect of the variables grade and gender was analysed. The results showed that most of the participants had flawed information about dyslexia, and lack of information was common. On the other hand, gender and grade did not have any significant effects. These findings indicate a need for wider awareness and formal education about dyslexia for pre-service English as foreign language teachers to create more inclusive classrooms.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, P. K. (2016). A study on the awareness of secondary school teachers towards language learning difficulties of students. Scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary studies, 4(26), 2889-2898.
  • Allington, R. L. (1982). The persistence of teacher beliefs in facets of the visual perceptual deficit hypothesis. The Elementary School Journal, 82(4), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1086/461272
  • Al Otaiba, S., & Lake, V. E. (2007). Preparing special educators to teach reading and use curriculum-based assessments. Reading and Writing, 20(6), 591-617.
  • Aktan, O. (2020). Determination of educational needs of teachers regarding the education of inclusive students with learning disability. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(1), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.638362
  • Atar, C., Aslan Bağcı, Ö., & Bağcı, H. (2021). Deaf individuals and English language teaching. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 20(4), 23-28.
  • Balcı, E. (2019). Teachers’ opinions about dyslexia and the challenges they face. Journal of Ege Education, 20(1), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.453922.
  • Bell, S., McPhillips, T., & Doveston, M. (2011). How do teachers in Ireland and England conceptualise dyslexia?” Journal of Research in Reading, 34(2), 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01419.x.
  • Bos, C., Mather, N., Friedman Narr, R., & Babur, N. (1999). Interactive, collaborative professional development in early literacy instruction: Supporting the balancing act. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 14(4), 227-238.
  • Bos, C., Mather, N., Dickson, S., Podhajski, B., & Chard, D. (2001). Perceptions and knowledge of preservice and inservice educators about early reading instruction. Annals of Dyslexia, 51(1), 97-120. doi:10.1007/s11881-001-0007-0.
  • Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. E. (1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read: A causal connection. Nature, 301, 419-421. https://doi.org/10.1038/301419a0
  • Chourmouziadou, C. M. (2016). Primary school teachers’ knowledge about dyslexia: The Greek case [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University College, London, England.
  • Crombie, M. (1992). Specific learning difficulties: Dyslexia—A teachers’ guide. University of Strathclyde.
  • Davidson, K. (2013). Teachers' reported utilization of reading disabilities research. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 59(3), 487-502.
  • Doğan, B. (2013). Determining Turkish language and elementary classroom teachers’ knowledge on dyslexia and their awareness of diagnosing students with dyslexia. Research in Reading & Writing Instruction, 1(1), 20–33.
  • Durgunoğlu, A. Y., & Öney, B. (1999). A cross-linguistic comparison of phonological awareness and word recognition. Reading and Writing, 11(4), 281-299.
  • Echegaray-Bengoa, J., Soriano-Ferrer, M., & Joshi, R. M. (2017). Knowledge and beliefs about developmental dyslexia: A comparison between pre-service and in-service Peruvian teachers. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 16(4), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192717697591
  • Esen, A., & Çiftçi, İ. (2000). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin öğrenme yetersizliği ile ilgili bilgilerinin belirlenmesi [Identifying the elementary school teachers’ knowledge about the learning disabilities]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(8), 85-90.
  • European Dyslexia Association. (2023, July 3). No matter which country – No matter which language – Dyslexia is everywhere. https://eda-info.eu/what-is-dyslexia/#:~:text=Dyslexia%20occurs%20worldwide%20regardless%20of,be%20seriously%20affected%20by%20it.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. SAGE Publications.
  • Fırat, T., & Koçak, D. (2018). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin öğrenme güçlüğünün tanımına ilişkin görüşleri [Investigating the opinions of class teachers’ on the concept of learning diffuculty]. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 915-931.
  • Geva, E., Wade-Woolley, L., & Michal, S. (1993). The concurrent development of spelling and decoding in two different orthographies. Journal of Reading behavior, 25(4), 383-406.
  • Helland, T., & Kaasa, R. (2005). Dyslexia in English as a second language. Dyslexia, 11(1), 41-60.
  • Hornstra, L.,Denessen, E.,Bakker, J.,Van Den Bergh, L., & Voeten, M. (2010). Teacher attitudes toward dyslexia: Effects on teacher expectations and the academic achievement of students with dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(6), 515-529.
  • Johnstone, R. (2009). An early start: What are the key conditions for generalized success? In J. Enever, J. Moon & U. Raman (Eds.), Young learner English language policy and implementation: International perspectives (pp. 31-41). Garnet Publishing.
  • Johnston, V. (2019). Dyslexia: What reading teachers need to know. The Reading Teacher, 73(3), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1830
  • Kaçar, E., & Düzkantar, A. (2019). Research on the knowledge levels of teachers about learning difficulties. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(65), 804-819.
  • Kormos, J. (2017). The effects of specific learning difficulties on processes of multilingual language development. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 37, 30-44.
  • Kormos, J., & Mikó, A. (2010). Diszlexia és az idegen-nyelvtanulás folyamata [Dyslexia and the process of second language acquisition]. In Kormos, J., Csizér, K. (Eds.), Idegennyelv-elsajátítás és részképességzavarok. [Foreign language acquisition and learning disabilities] (pp. 49–76). Eötvös Kiadó.
  • Mather, N., Bos, C., & Babur, N. (2001). Perceptions and knowledge of preservice and inservice teachers about early literacy instruction. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34(5), 472-482. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002221940103400508
  • Miles, T. R. (1993). Dyslexia—The pattern of difficulties (Second Edition). Whurr Publishers.
  • Miles, E. (2000). Dyslexia may show a different face in different languages. Dyslexia, 6(3), 193-201.
  • Moats, L. C. (1994). The missing foundation in teacher education: Knowledge of the structure of spoken and written language. Annals of Dyslexia, 44(1), 81-102.
  • Moats, L. C., & Foorman, B. R. (2003). Measuring teachers’ content knowledge of language and reading. Annals of Dyslexia, 53, 23- 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-003-0003-7
  • Moats, L. (2009). Knowledge foundations for teaching reading and spelling. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 22, 379-399.
  • Norton, E. S., Beach, S. D., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2015). Neurobiology of dyslexia. Current opinion in neurobiology, 30, 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.007
  • Piasta, S. B., McDonald Connor, C., Fishman, B. J., & Morrison, F. J. (2009). Teachers' knowledge of literacy concepts, classroom practices, and student reading growth. Scientific Studies of Reading, 13(3), 224-248.
  • Ramus, F. (2014). Neuroimaging sheds new light on the phonological deficit in dyslexia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 274–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.01.009
  • Rose, J. (2009, July 3). Identifying and teaching children and young people with dyslexia and literacy difficulties. https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/14790/7/00659-2009DOM-EN_Redacted.pdf
  • Seçkin-Yilmaz, Ş., & A. Erim. (2019). Examination adults’ knowledge about dyslexia in Turkey. Journal of Abant Izzet Baysal University Education Faculty, 19(3), 1102–1114. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2019.19.49440-583895.
  • Shaywitz, S. E., Morris, R., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2008). The education of dyslexic children from childhood to young adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 451–475. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093633
  • Simon, C. S. (2000). Dyslexia and learning a foreign language: A personal experience. Annals of Dyslexia, 50, 155–187. https://doi-org.proxybib.miun.se/10.1007/s11881-000-0021-7
  • Snowling, M. J. (2000). Dyslexia (Second Edition). Blackwell.
  • Soriano-Ferrer, M., & Echegaray-Bengoa, J. A. (2014). A scale of knowledge and beliefs about developmental dyslexia: Scale development and validation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132, 203-208.
  • Soriano-Ferrer, M., Echegaray-Bengoa, J., & Joshi. R. M. (2016). Knowledge and beliefs about developmental dyslexia in pre-service and in-service Spanish-speaking teachers. Annals of Dyslexia, 66(1), 91-110.
  • Stanovich, K. E. (1988). Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological-core variable-difference model. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21(10), 590–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948802101003
  • Snow, C. E., Griffin, P., & Burns, M. S. (Eds.). (2005). Knowledge to support the teaching of reading: Preparing teachers for a changing world. Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
  • Suárez-Coalla, P., Martínez-García, C., & Carnota. A. (2020). Reading in English as a foreign language by Spanish children with dyslexia. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00019
  • Sümer Dodur, H. M., & Kumaş, A. Ö. (2021). Knowledge and beliefs of classroom teachers about dyslexia: The case of teachers in Turkey. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 36(4), 593-609.
  • Taylor, B. M., David Pearson, P., Kathleen F. C., & Walpole, S. (1999). Beating the odds in teaching all children to read (Report for Office of Educational Research and Improvement, No: CIERA-R-2-006). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED436723
  • Torgesen, J. K. (2002). The prevention of reading difficulties. Journal of school psychology, 40(1), 7-26.
  • Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., Rashotte, C. A., Rose, E., Lindamood, P., Lindamood, P., Conway, T., & Garvin, C. (1999). Preventing reading failure in young children with phonological processing disabilities: Group and individual responses to instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 579–593.
  • Vellutino, F. R., Fletcher, J. M., Snowling, M. J., & Scanlon, D. M. (2004). Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 2-40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x
  • Wadlington, E. M., & Wadlington. P-L. (2005). What educators really believe about dyslexia. Reading Improvement, 42(1), 16-33.
  • Washburn, E. K., Binks-Cantrell, E. S., & Joshi, R. M. (2014). What do preservice teachers from the USA and the UK know about dyslexia? Dyslexia, 20(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1459
  • Washburn, E. K., Joshi, R. M., & Binks-Cantrell, E. S. (2011). Are preservice teachers prepared to teach struggling readers? Annals of Dyslexia, 61, 21–43.
  • Wimmer, H., & Goswami, U. (1994). The influence of orthographic consistency on reading development: word recognition in English and German children. Cognition, 51, 91–103. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90010-8
  • Yin, L., Joshi, R. M., & Yan, H. (2020). Knowledge about dyslexia among early literacy teachers in China. Dyslexia, 26(3), 247–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1635
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 160 - 175, 16.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35207/later.1296792

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, P. K. (2016). A study on the awareness of secondary school teachers towards language learning difficulties of students. Scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary studies, 4(26), 2889-2898.
  • Allington, R. L. (1982). The persistence of teacher beliefs in facets of the visual perceptual deficit hypothesis. The Elementary School Journal, 82(4), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1086/461272
  • Al Otaiba, S., & Lake, V. E. (2007). Preparing special educators to teach reading and use curriculum-based assessments. Reading and Writing, 20(6), 591-617.
  • Aktan, O. (2020). Determination of educational needs of teachers regarding the education of inclusive students with learning disability. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(1), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.638362
  • Atar, C., Aslan Bağcı, Ö., & Bağcı, H. (2021). Deaf individuals and English language teaching. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 20(4), 23-28.
  • Balcı, E. (2019). Teachers’ opinions about dyslexia and the challenges they face. Journal of Ege Education, 20(1), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.453922.
  • Bell, S., McPhillips, T., & Doveston, M. (2011). How do teachers in Ireland and England conceptualise dyslexia?” Journal of Research in Reading, 34(2), 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01419.x.
  • Bos, C., Mather, N., Friedman Narr, R., & Babur, N. (1999). Interactive, collaborative professional development in early literacy instruction: Supporting the balancing act. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 14(4), 227-238.
  • Bos, C., Mather, N., Dickson, S., Podhajski, B., & Chard, D. (2001). Perceptions and knowledge of preservice and inservice educators about early reading instruction. Annals of Dyslexia, 51(1), 97-120. doi:10.1007/s11881-001-0007-0.
  • Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. E. (1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read: A causal connection. Nature, 301, 419-421. https://doi.org/10.1038/301419a0
  • Chourmouziadou, C. M. (2016). Primary school teachers’ knowledge about dyslexia: The Greek case [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University College, London, England.
  • Crombie, M. (1992). Specific learning difficulties: Dyslexia—A teachers’ guide. University of Strathclyde.
  • Davidson, K. (2013). Teachers' reported utilization of reading disabilities research. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 59(3), 487-502.
  • Doğan, B. (2013). Determining Turkish language and elementary classroom teachers’ knowledge on dyslexia and their awareness of diagnosing students with dyslexia. Research in Reading & Writing Instruction, 1(1), 20–33.
  • Durgunoğlu, A. Y., & Öney, B. (1999). A cross-linguistic comparison of phonological awareness and word recognition. Reading and Writing, 11(4), 281-299.
  • Echegaray-Bengoa, J., Soriano-Ferrer, M., & Joshi, R. M. (2017). Knowledge and beliefs about developmental dyslexia: A comparison between pre-service and in-service Peruvian teachers. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 16(4), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192717697591
  • Esen, A., & Çiftçi, İ. (2000). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin öğrenme yetersizliği ile ilgili bilgilerinin belirlenmesi [Identifying the elementary school teachers’ knowledge about the learning disabilities]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(8), 85-90.
  • European Dyslexia Association. (2023, July 3). No matter which country – No matter which language – Dyslexia is everywhere. https://eda-info.eu/what-is-dyslexia/#:~:text=Dyslexia%20occurs%20worldwide%20regardless%20of,be%20seriously%20affected%20by%20it.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. SAGE Publications.
  • Fırat, T., & Koçak, D. (2018). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin öğrenme güçlüğünün tanımına ilişkin görüşleri [Investigating the opinions of class teachers’ on the concept of learning diffuculty]. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 915-931.
  • Geva, E., Wade-Woolley, L., & Michal, S. (1993). The concurrent development of spelling and decoding in two different orthographies. Journal of Reading behavior, 25(4), 383-406.
  • Helland, T., & Kaasa, R. (2005). Dyslexia in English as a second language. Dyslexia, 11(1), 41-60.
  • Hornstra, L.,Denessen, E.,Bakker, J.,Van Den Bergh, L., & Voeten, M. (2010). Teacher attitudes toward dyslexia: Effects on teacher expectations and the academic achievement of students with dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(6), 515-529.
  • Johnstone, R. (2009). An early start: What are the key conditions for generalized success? In J. Enever, J. Moon & U. Raman (Eds.), Young learner English language policy and implementation: International perspectives (pp. 31-41). Garnet Publishing.
  • Johnston, V. (2019). Dyslexia: What reading teachers need to know. The Reading Teacher, 73(3), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1830
  • Kaçar, E., & Düzkantar, A. (2019). Research on the knowledge levels of teachers about learning difficulties. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(65), 804-819.
  • Kormos, J. (2017). The effects of specific learning difficulties on processes of multilingual language development. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 37, 30-44.
  • Kormos, J., & Mikó, A. (2010). Diszlexia és az idegen-nyelvtanulás folyamata [Dyslexia and the process of second language acquisition]. In Kormos, J., Csizér, K. (Eds.), Idegennyelv-elsajátítás és részképességzavarok. [Foreign language acquisition and learning disabilities] (pp. 49–76). Eötvös Kiadó.
  • Mather, N., Bos, C., & Babur, N. (2001). Perceptions and knowledge of preservice and inservice teachers about early literacy instruction. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34(5), 472-482. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002221940103400508
  • Miles, T. R. (1993). Dyslexia—The pattern of difficulties (Second Edition). Whurr Publishers.
  • Miles, E. (2000). Dyslexia may show a different face in different languages. Dyslexia, 6(3), 193-201.
  • Moats, L. C. (1994). The missing foundation in teacher education: Knowledge of the structure of spoken and written language. Annals of Dyslexia, 44(1), 81-102.
  • Moats, L. C., & Foorman, B. R. (2003). Measuring teachers’ content knowledge of language and reading. Annals of Dyslexia, 53, 23- 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-003-0003-7
  • Moats, L. (2009). Knowledge foundations for teaching reading and spelling. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 22, 379-399.
  • Norton, E. S., Beach, S. D., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2015). Neurobiology of dyslexia. Current opinion in neurobiology, 30, 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.007
  • Piasta, S. B., McDonald Connor, C., Fishman, B. J., & Morrison, F. J. (2009). Teachers' knowledge of literacy concepts, classroom practices, and student reading growth. Scientific Studies of Reading, 13(3), 224-248.
  • Ramus, F. (2014). Neuroimaging sheds new light on the phonological deficit in dyslexia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 274–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.01.009
  • Rose, J. (2009, July 3). Identifying and teaching children and young people with dyslexia and literacy difficulties. https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/14790/7/00659-2009DOM-EN_Redacted.pdf
  • Seçkin-Yilmaz, Ş., & A. Erim. (2019). Examination adults’ knowledge about dyslexia in Turkey. Journal of Abant Izzet Baysal University Education Faculty, 19(3), 1102–1114. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2019.19.49440-583895.
  • Shaywitz, S. E., Morris, R., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2008). The education of dyslexic children from childhood to young adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 451–475. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093633
  • Simon, C. S. (2000). Dyslexia and learning a foreign language: A personal experience. Annals of Dyslexia, 50, 155–187. https://doi-org.proxybib.miun.se/10.1007/s11881-000-0021-7
  • Snowling, M. J. (2000). Dyslexia (Second Edition). Blackwell.
  • Soriano-Ferrer, M., & Echegaray-Bengoa, J. A. (2014). A scale of knowledge and beliefs about developmental dyslexia: Scale development and validation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132, 203-208.
  • Soriano-Ferrer, M., Echegaray-Bengoa, J., & Joshi. R. M. (2016). Knowledge and beliefs about developmental dyslexia in pre-service and in-service Spanish-speaking teachers. Annals of Dyslexia, 66(1), 91-110.
  • Stanovich, K. E. (1988). Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological-core variable-difference model. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21(10), 590–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948802101003
  • Snow, C. E., Griffin, P., & Burns, M. S. (Eds.). (2005). Knowledge to support the teaching of reading: Preparing teachers for a changing world. Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
  • Suárez-Coalla, P., Martínez-García, C., & Carnota. A. (2020). Reading in English as a foreign language by Spanish children with dyslexia. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00019
  • Sümer Dodur, H. M., & Kumaş, A. Ö. (2021). Knowledge and beliefs of classroom teachers about dyslexia: The case of teachers in Turkey. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 36(4), 593-609.
  • Taylor, B. M., David Pearson, P., Kathleen F. C., & Walpole, S. (1999). Beating the odds in teaching all children to read (Report for Office of Educational Research and Improvement, No: CIERA-R-2-006). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED436723
  • Torgesen, J. K. (2002). The prevention of reading difficulties. Journal of school psychology, 40(1), 7-26.
  • Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., Rashotte, C. A., Rose, E., Lindamood, P., Lindamood, P., Conway, T., & Garvin, C. (1999). Preventing reading failure in young children with phonological processing disabilities: Group and individual responses to instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 579–593.
  • Vellutino, F. R., Fletcher, J. M., Snowling, M. J., & Scanlon, D. M. (2004). Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 2-40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x
  • Wadlington, E. M., & Wadlington. P-L. (2005). What educators really believe about dyslexia. Reading Improvement, 42(1), 16-33.
  • Washburn, E. K., Binks-Cantrell, E. S., & Joshi, R. M. (2014). What do preservice teachers from the USA and the UK know about dyslexia? Dyslexia, 20(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1459
  • Washburn, E. K., Joshi, R. M., & Binks-Cantrell, E. S. (2011). Are preservice teachers prepared to teach struggling readers? Annals of Dyslexia, 61, 21–43.
  • Wimmer, H., & Goswami, U. (1994). The influence of orthographic consistency on reading development: word recognition in English and German children. Cognition, 51, 91–103. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90010-8
  • Yin, L., Joshi, R. M., & Yan, H. (2020). Knowledge about dyslexia among early literacy teachers in China. Dyslexia, 26(3), 247–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1635
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uygulamalı Dilbilim ve Eğitim Dilbilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cihat Atar 0000-0002-5879-3432

Alia Amir 0000-0002-4624-5535

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 5 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Atar, C., & Amir, A. (2023). Pre-service EFL Teachers’ Knowledge and Beliefs about Developmental Dyslexia: Implications for EFL Teacher Training. Language Teaching and Educational Research, 6(2), 160-175. https://doi.org/10.35207/later.1296792