Research Article
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Year 2021, , 14 - 21, 01.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610103

Abstract

References

  • Adesola, A. A., Ng’ambi, J. W., & Norris, D. (2013). Effect of ascorbic acid supplementatıon to the dıets of ındıgenous venda hens on productıvıty of theır progenıes aged 8 to 13 weeks. Agrıcultural Research Communıcatıon Centre, www.arccjournals.com/ indianjournals.com, Indian J. Anim. Res., 47 (2), 97-10.
  • Ağaoğlu, Y. S., Ayfer, M., Fidan, Y., Köksal, İ., Çelik, M., Abak, K., Çelik, H., Kaynak, L., Gülşen, Y. (1987). Bahçe Bitkileri, A.Ü.Z.F. Yay. 18-21, Ankara. Ahmadu, S., Mohammed, A. A., Buharı, H., & Auwal, A. (2016). An overview of vitamine C as an antistress in poultry. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research , 7(2), 9-22.
  • Ahmed, W., Ahmad, S., Haq, A., & Kamran, Z. (2008). Response of laying hens to vitamine C suplementation through drinking water under sub-tropical conditions. Avtan Biolocy Research. 1(2), 59-63.
  • Akyıldız, A.R., 1984. Yemler Bilgisi Laboratuvar Klavuzu. A. Üniv. Zir. Fak. Yay:895, Uygulama Klavuzu:213. Ankara.
  • Altıner, A., Atalay, H., & Bilal, T. (2017). Bir antioksidan olarak E vitaminei. Balikesir Sağlık Bil. Derg. Cilt:6 Sayı:3 Aralık-149.
  • Anonim. (2008). Kuşburnu Yetiştiriciliği. http://www.tarim.gov.tr/ ( 08.06.2015).
  • Anonymous. (2013). European Union Register of Feed Additives Pursuantto Regulation. (EC) No 1831/2003. Appendixes 3c&4. Annex: List of Additives, Edition 163, 458p.http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/animalnutrition/feedadditives/comm_register_feed_additives_1831-03.pdf.
  • AOAC, 1984. Official Methods of Analysis (14th ed.). Association of Official Analitical Chemists, Washington, DC.
  • Arpat, Ş. (2016). Yumurta tavuğu rasyonlarına kuşburnu ilavesinin performans, yumurta iç ve dış kalite özelliklerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Behboudi, H., Esmaeilipour, O., Mirmahmoudi, R., & Mazhari, M. (2016). The influence of drinking water containing lemon juice and thyme suplemented diet on performance and some blood parametres of broilers under heat stress. Iranian Journal Applied Animal Science. ISSN:2251-620X(Print), ISSN:2251-631X(Online).
  • Bek, Y., Efe E. (1998). Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları 1. Ç.Ü Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı No:71, Adana.
  • Bown, D. (1996). Encyclopedia of Herbsand Their Uses. The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Limited, 424 p. London.
  • Cemeroğlu, B. (2007). Gıda Analizleri. Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları. Ankara, No: 34: 168–171.
  • Çınar, İ., Alma H., Çolakoğlu, A.S. (2004). Kuşburnu Karotenoid Pigmentlerinin Ekstraksiyonu ve Gıdalarda Kullanım Potansiyellerinin Belirlenmesi. ss:198-200., Gelenksel Gıdalar Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı. Van.
  • Değirmencioğlu, T., & Ak, A. (2003). Güz döneminde besiye alınan hindilerde askorbik asit uygulamasının besi performansı ve bazı kasrkas özelliklerine etkileri. Ulud. Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 17 (2):18.
  • Demir, F., & Özcan, M. (2001). Chemical and technological properties of rosa (Rosa canina L.) Fruits Grown Wild in Turkey. Journal of Food Engineering. 47 333-336.
  • Donsbough, A.L., Powell, S., Waguespack, A., Bidner, T.D., & Southern, L.L. (2010). Uric acid ,urea, and amonia concentrations in serum and uric acid concentration in excreta as indicators of amino acid utilization in diets for broilers. Poultry Science, February. 287-294.
  • Kadakal, Ç., & Nas, S. (2004). Kuşburnu deyip geçmeyin. Cine Tarım Dergisi Sayı 49.
  • Kale, O. (2019). Koyunlarda yeme zeolit ve yucca schidigera ilavesinin bazı karaciğer enzimlerine (AST, ALT, GGT) etkilerinin karşılaştırılmas. T.C. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Veteriner Biyokimya Anabilimdalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Kamanlı, S., Durmuş, İ. (2014). Civciv kalitesi değerlendirme yöntemleri ve civciv kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi konusundaki son yaklaşımlar. Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi, 11(1): 40-44.
  • Karatepe, M. (2004). Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid and Free Malondialdehyde in Human Serum by HPLC-UV. LCGC North America, 22, 362-365.
  • Kermanshahi, H., & Raisi, A. (2006). Effect of diatery dried berberis vulgaris fruit and enzyme on some blood parameters of laying hens fed wheat-soybean diets. International Journal of Poultry Science 5 (1): 89-92.
  • Kutlu, H.R. (2009). Kanatlı Hayvan Besleme. Tavukçuluk Bilimi: Yetiştirme, Besleme, Hastalıklar. Editörler: Prof. Dr. Mesut Türkoğlu, Prof. Dr. Musa Sarıca. Bey Ofset Matbaacılık, Ankara
  • Kutlu, H.R., & Forbes, J.M. (1993). Changes in growthand blood parameters in heat-stressed broiler chickes in responseto dietary ascorbik acid. Livestock Prod. Sci. 36, 335-350.
  • Miller, K.W., &Yang, C.S. (1985). An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous analysis of plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol and various carotenoids. Anal. Biochem. 145: 21-26.
  • Mutlu, S.İ., Çelik, Ö., Bayrak, O., Emreoğlu, L., Terlemez, F., Azman, M.A., Şimşek, Ü.G., Özçelik, M., Çerçi, İ.H., Kenar, M., & Çiftçi, M. (2015). Soğuk stres koşulları altında bıldırcın karma yemlerine ilave edilen saponin bakımından zenginleştirilmiş çöven ekstraktının performans ve kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri. F.Ü. Sağ. Vet. Derg. 29(2) 103-109.
  • Oliveira, E.P., & Burini R.C. (2012). High plasma uric acid concentration: causes and consequences. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 4:12http://www.dmsjournal.com/content/4/1/12.
  • Saraçoğlu, İ.A. (2006). Bitkisel Sağlık Rehberi. 40. Baskı, s:202. Gün Ofset, ISBN: 975-92837. 1-9, İstanbul.
  • SAS. (2010). Applied statistics and the SAS programming language. Third Editions.
  • Sasidhar, P.V.K. (2020). Poultry Research Priorities to 2020 Proceedings of National Seminar. Central Avian Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Izatnagar. 243 122 (U.P.) India.
  • Shakeri, M., Oskoueian, E., Le, H.H., & Shakeri. M. (2020). Strategies to combat heat stress in broiler chickens: unveiling the roles of selenium, vitamine E and vitamine C. (Review). Vet. Sci.2020, 7,71;doi:10.3390/vetsci 7020071.
  • Shit, R.P., Singh, K., Sastry, R., Agarwal, R., Singh, N., & Pandey, . (2012). Effect of dietary l-ascorbic acid (l-aa) on production performance, egg quality traits and fertility in japanese quail (coturnix japonica) at low ambient temperature. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. (2012): 25, No. 7: 1009-1014.
  • Şeremet, Ç. (2012). Civciv kalitesini etkileyen etmenler ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. Hayvansal Üretim 53(1): 38-43.
  • Tada, H., Nohara, A., & Kawashiri, M. (2018). Serum triglycerides and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Insights from clinical and genetic studies. Nutrients. 10, 1789; doi:10.3390/nu10111789, 2-8.
  • Tekeli, A. (2014). Effect of rosehip fruit (Rosa canina L.) Supplementation to rations of broilers grown under cold stress conditions on some performance, blood, morphological, carcass and meat quality characteristics. European Poultry Science. 78.
  • Türkben, C. (2003). Kuşburnu. Uludağ Üniversitesi Basımevi. ISBN:975-6958,70-7.
  • Türker, İ., İbas, T., & Ertürk, Ö. (2018). Kuluçkalık yumurtaların değişik oranlarda propolis ile dezenfekte edilmesinin kuluçka sonuçları ve toplam bakteri sayısı üzerine etkisi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi. 7(1):67-74.
  • Untea, A.E., Varzaru, I., Panaite, T.D., Gavris, T., Lupu, A., & Ropota, M. (2020). The effects of dietary inclusion of bilberry and walnut leaves in laying hens diets on the antioxidant properties of eggs. Animals.10,191; doi:103390/ani10020191.
  • Zaspel, B.J., & Csallany, A.S. (1983). Determination of alpha-tocopherol in tissues and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem.,130: 146-150.

The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality

Year 2021, , 14 - 21, 01.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610103

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different doses (5g/kg, 10g/kg, 15g/kg) of rosehip fruit, which is a source of ascorbic acid (vitamine C), on fertility rate, chick quality and some blood parameters in the feed of breeder hens and roosters raised under high altitude and cold stress. It was applied during 12-week trial. While the fertility rate was not significantly affected by the treatments, the plasma vitamine C content of the laying hens was significantly affected by the treatments (P<0.0001). While the lowest plasma vitamine C content was determined as 34.54 µg/ml in the control group, it was determined as 53.23, 133.40 and 214.69 µg/ml in the groups receiving rosehip fruit, respectively. When the blood plasma values were examined, the difference among the groups was found to be significant only in terms of triglyceride values in laying hens and uric acid values in roosters (P<0.05). Likewise, the difference among the groups in terms of hatching body weight values of chicks was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). As a result, it can be said that 5 g/kg rosehip fruit can be added to the diets of breeder hens and roosters exposed to high altitude and cold stress.

References

  • Adesola, A. A., Ng’ambi, J. W., & Norris, D. (2013). Effect of ascorbic acid supplementatıon to the dıets of ındıgenous venda hens on productıvıty of theır progenıes aged 8 to 13 weeks. Agrıcultural Research Communıcatıon Centre, www.arccjournals.com/ indianjournals.com, Indian J. Anim. Res., 47 (2), 97-10.
  • Ağaoğlu, Y. S., Ayfer, M., Fidan, Y., Köksal, İ., Çelik, M., Abak, K., Çelik, H., Kaynak, L., Gülşen, Y. (1987). Bahçe Bitkileri, A.Ü.Z.F. Yay. 18-21, Ankara. Ahmadu, S., Mohammed, A. A., Buharı, H., & Auwal, A. (2016). An overview of vitamine C as an antistress in poultry. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research , 7(2), 9-22.
  • Ahmed, W., Ahmad, S., Haq, A., & Kamran, Z. (2008). Response of laying hens to vitamine C suplementation through drinking water under sub-tropical conditions. Avtan Biolocy Research. 1(2), 59-63.
  • Akyıldız, A.R., 1984. Yemler Bilgisi Laboratuvar Klavuzu. A. Üniv. Zir. Fak. Yay:895, Uygulama Klavuzu:213. Ankara.
  • Altıner, A., Atalay, H., & Bilal, T. (2017). Bir antioksidan olarak E vitaminei. Balikesir Sağlık Bil. Derg. Cilt:6 Sayı:3 Aralık-149.
  • Anonim. (2008). Kuşburnu Yetiştiriciliği. http://www.tarim.gov.tr/ ( 08.06.2015).
  • Anonymous. (2013). European Union Register of Feed Additives Pursuantto Regulation. (EC) No 1831/2003. Appendixes 3c&4. Annex: List of Additives, Edition 163, 458p.http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/animalnutrition/feedadditives/comm_register_feed_additives_1831-03.pdf.
  • AOAC, 1984. Official Methods of Analysis (14th ed.). Association of Official Analitical Chemists, Washington, DC.
  • Arpat, Ş. (2016). Yumurta tavuğu rasyonlarına kuşburnu ilavesinin performans, yumurta iç ve dış kalite özelliklerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Behboudi, H., Esmaeilipour, O., Mirmahmoudi, R., & Mazhari, M. (2016). The influence of drinking water containing lemon juice and thyme suplemented diet on performance and some blood parametres of broilers under heat stress. Iranian Journal Applied Animal Science. ISSN:2251-620X(Print), ISSN:2251-631X(Online).
  • Bek, Y., Efe E. (1998). Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları 1. Ç.Ü Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı No:71, Adana.
  • Bown, D. (1996). Encyclopedia of Herbsand Their Uses. The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Limited, 424 p. London.
  • Cemeroğlu, B. (2007). Gıda Analizleri. Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları. Ankara, No: 34: 168–171.
  • Çınar, İ., Alma H., Çolakoğlu, A.S. (2004). Kuşburnu Karotenoid Pigmentlerinin Ekstraksiyonu ve Gıdalarda Kullanım Potansiyellerinin Belirlenmesi. ss:198-200., Gelenksel Gıdalar Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı. Van.
  • Değirmencioğlu, T., & Ak, A. (2003). Güz döneminde besiye alınan hindilerde askorbik asit uygulamasının besi performansı ve bazı kasrkas özelliklerine etkileri. Ulud. Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 17 (2):18.
  • Demir, F., & Özcan, M. (2001). Chemical and technological properties of rosa (Rosa canina L.) Fruits Grown Wild in Turkey. Journal of Food Engineering. 47 333-336.
  • Donsbough, A.L., Powell, S., Waguespack, A., Bidner, T.D., & Southern, L.L. (2010). Uric acid ,urea, and amonia concentrations in serum and uric acid concentration in excreta as indicators of amino acid utilization in diets for broilers. Poultry Science, February. 287-294.
  • Kadakal, Ç., & Nas, S. (2004). Kuşburnu deyip geçmeyin. Cine Tarım Dergisi Sayı 49.
  • Kale, O. (2019). Koyunlarda yeme zeolit ve yucca schidigera ilavesinin bazı karaciğer enzimlerine (AST, ALT, GGT) etkilerinin karşılaştırılmas. T.C. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Veteriner Biyokimya Anabilimdalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Kamanlı, S., Durmuş, İ. (2014). Civciv kalitesi değerlendirme yöntemleri ve civciv kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi konusundaki son yaklaşımlar. Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi, 11(1): 40-44.
  • Karatepe, M. (2004). Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid and Free Malondialdehyde in Human Serum by HPLC-UV. LCGC North America, 22, 362-365.
  • Kermanshahi, H., & Raisi, A. (2006). Effect of diatery dried berberis vulgaris fruit and enzyme on some blood parameters of laying hens fed wheat-soybean diets. International Journal of Poultry Science 5 (1): 89-92.
  • Kutlu, H.R. (2009). Kanatlı Hayvan Besleme. Tavukçuluk Bilimi: Yetiştirme, Besleme, Hastalıklar. Editörler: Prof. Dr. Mesut Türkoğlu, Prof. Dr. Musa Sarıca. Bey Ofset Matbaacılık, Ankara
  • Kutlu, H.R., & Forbes, J.M. (1993). Changes in growthand blood parameters in heat-stressed broiler chickes in responseto dietary ascorbik acid. Livestock Prod. Sci. 36, 335-350.
  • Miller, K.W., &Yang, C.S. (1985). An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous analysis of plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol and various carotenoids. Anal. Biochem. 145: 21-26.
  • Mutlu, S.İ., Çelik, Ö., Bayrak, O., Emreoğlu, L., Terlemez, F., Azman, M.A., Şimşek, Ü.G., Özçelik, M., Çerçi, İ.H., Kenar, M., & Çiftçi, M. (2015). Soğuk stres koşulları altında bıldırcın karma yemlerine ilave edilen saponin bakımından zenginleştirilmiş çöven ekstraktının performans ve kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri. F.Ü. Sağ. Vet. Derg. 29(2) 103-109.
  • Oliveira, E.P., & Burini R.C. (2012). High plasma uric acid concentration: causes and consequences. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 4:12http://www.dmsjournal.com/content/4/1/12.
  • Saraçoğlu, İ.A. (2006). Bitkisel Sağlık Rehberi. 40. Baskı, s:202. Gün Ofset, ISBN: 975-92837. 1-9, İstanbul.
  • SAS. (2010). Applied statistics and the SAS programming language. Third Editions.
  • Sasidhar, P.V.K. (2020). Poultry Research Priorities to 2020 Proceedings of National Seminar. Central Avian Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Izatnagar. 243 122 (U.P.) India.
  • Shakeri, M., Oskoueian, E., Le, H.H., & Shakeri. M. (2020). Strategies to combat heat stress in broiler chickens: unveiling the roles of selenium, vitamine E and vitamine C. (Review). Vet. Sci.2020, 7,71;doi:10.3390/vetsci 7020071.
  • Shit, R.P., Singh, K., Sastry, R., Agarwal, R., Singh, N., & Pandey, . (2012). Effect of dietary l-ascorbic acid (l-aa) on production performance, egg quality traits and fertility in japanese quail (coturnix japonica) at low ambient temperature. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. (2012): 25, No. 7: 1009-1014.
  • Şeremet, Ç. (2012). Civciv kalitesini etkileyen etmenler ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. Hayvansal Üretim 53(1): 38-43.
  • Tada, H., Nohara, A., & Kawashiri, M. (2018). Serum triglycerides and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Insights from clinical and genetic studies. Nutrients. 10, 1789; doi:10.3390/nu10111789, 2-8.
  • Tekeli, A. (2014). Effect of rosehip fruit (Rosa canina L.) Supplementation to rations of broilers grown under cold stress conditions on some performance, blood, morphological, carcass and meat quality characteristics. European Poultry Science. 78.
  • Türkben, C. (2003). Kuşburnu. Uludağ Üniversitesi Basımevi. ISBN:975-6958,70-7.
  • Türker, İ., İbas, T., & Ertürk, Ö. (2018). Kuluçkalık yumurtaların değişik oranlarda propolis ile dezenfekte edilmesinin kuluçka sonuçları ve toplam bakteri sayısı üzerine etkisi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi. 7(1):67-74.
  • Untea, A.E., Varzaru, I., Panaite, T.D., Gavris, T., Lupu, A., & Ropota, M. (2020). The effects of dietary inclusion of bilberry and walnut leaves in laying hens diets on the antioxidant properties of eggs. Animals.10,191; doi:103390/ani10020191.
  • Zaspel, B.J., & Csallany, A.S. (1983). Determination of alpha-tocopherol in tissues and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem.,130: 146-150.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Zootechny (Other)
Journal Section 61-1
Authors

Reşit Aldemir

Ahmet Tekeli This is me

Murat Demirel This is me

Serhat Yıldız This is me

İ. Hakkı Yörük This is me

Saadet Belhan This is me

Volkan Koşal This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Aldemir, R., Tekeli, A., Demirel, M., Yıldız, S., et al. (2021). The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality. Livestock Studies, 61(1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610103
AMA Aldemir R, Tekeli A, Demirel M, Yıldız S, Yörük İH, Belhan S, Koşal V. The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality. Livestock Studies. July 2021;61(1):14-21. doi:10.46897/livestockstudies.610103
Chicago Aldemir, Reşit, Ahmet Tekeli, Murat Demirel, Serhat Yıldız, İ. Hakkı Yörük, Saadet Belhan, and Volkan Koşal. “The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality”. Livestock Studies 61, no. 1 (July 2021): 14-21. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610103.
EndNote Aldemir R, Tekeli A, Demirel M, Yıldız S, Yörük İH, Belhan S, Koşal V (July 1, 2021) The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality. Livestock Studies 61 1 14–21.
IEEE R. Aldemir, A. Tekeli, M. Demirel, S. Yıldız, İ. H. Yörük, S. Belhan, and V. Koşal, “The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality”, Livestock Studies, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 14–21, 2021, doi: 10.46897/livestockstudies.610103.
ISNAD Aldemir, Reşit et al. “The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality”. Livestock Studies 61/1 (July 2021), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610103.
JAMA Aldemir R, Tekeli A, Demirel M, Yıldız S, Yörük İH, Belhan S, Koşal V. The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality. Livestock Studies. 2021;61:14–21.
MLA Aldemir, Reşit et al. “The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality”. Livestock Studies, vol. 61, no. 1, 2021, pp. 14-21, doi:10.46897/livestockstudies.610103.
Vancouver Aldemir R, Tekeli A, Demirel M, Yıldız S, Yörük İH, Belhan S, Koşal V. The Effects of Different Levels of Rosehip Fruit Added in the Rations of Laying Hens Raised Under High Altitude and Cold Stress on Some Blood Parameters, Rectal Temperature, Fertility Rate and Chick Quality. Livestock Studies. 2021;61(1):14-21.