Araştırma Makalesi
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İSLAM ÜLKELERİNDE EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜN GİRİŞİMCİLİK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Yıl 2020, Sayı: Özel Sayı-Special Issue - İşletme Kamu ve Ekonomi 2020 Özel Sayısı, 1046 - 1074, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.806610

Öz

Piyasa ekonomisi odaklı kurum ve politikalar olarak ifade edilen ekonomik özgürlük, girişimcilik aktivitelerinin en önemli belirleyicilerinden biridir. Çünkü ekonomik özgürlük seviyesindeki artışlar, girişimcilik eylemini engelleyen işlem maliyetlerinin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı 1995-2019 yıllarına ait verileri kullanarak İslam ülkelerinde ekonomik özgürlüğün girişimcilik aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada girişimciliğin ölçütü olarak serbest çalışma oranı; girişimciliğin belirleyicileri olarak kişi başına GSYH, para arzı, ithalat ve enflasyon; ekonomik özgürlüğün ölçütü olarak Miras Vakfı tarafından sunulan ekonomik özgürlük endeksi ve bu endeksin ölçümünde kullanılan 12 alt bileşenden 9 tanesi (mülkiyet hakları, hükümetin dürüstlüğü, devlet harcamaları, vergi yükü, iş özgürlüğü, parasal özgürlük, ticaret özgürlüğü, yatırım özgürlüğü ve finansal özgürlük) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre ekonomik özgürlük ile alt bileşenlerinden mülkiyet hakları, hükümetin dürüstlüğü, devlet harcamaları, parasal özgürlük, yatırım özgürlüğü ve finansal özgürlüğün girişimciliği pozitif; vergi yükü ve ticaret özgürlüğünün ise negatif etkilediği bulunmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401.
  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlsson, B. (2012). Growth and Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 289-300.
  • Aidis, R., Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. M. (2012). Size Matters: Entrepreneurial Entry and Government. Small Business Economics, 39(1), 119-139.
  • Albayrak, A. S. (2005). Çoklu Doğrusal Bağlantı Halinde En Küçük Kareler Tekniğinin Alternatifi Yanlı Tahmin Teknikleri ve Bir Uygulama. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 105-126.
  • Albulescu, C. T., & Tămăşilă, M. (2016). Exploring the Role of FDI in Enhancing the Entrepreneurial Activity in Europe: A Panel Data Analysis. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 629-657.
  • Álvarez, C., Amorós, J. E., & Urbano, D. (2014). Regulations and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries. Revista Innovar Journal, 24(edición especial), 81-89.
  • Angulo-Guerrero, M. J., Pérez-Moreno, S., & Abad-Guerrero, I. M. (2017). How Economic Freedom Affects Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship in the OECD Countries. Journal of Business Research, 73, 30-37.
  • Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
  • Arin, K. P., Huang, V. Z., Minniti, M., Nandialath, A. M., & Reich, O. F. (2015). Revisiting the Determinants of Entrepreneurship: A Bayesian Approach. Journal of Management, 41(2), 607-631.
  • Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, A. R. (2000). Capitalism and Democracy in 21st Century: From the Managed to the Entrepreneurial Economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 10(1), 17-34.
  • Audretsch, D. B., Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. (2001). Does Entrepreneurship Reduce Unemployment?. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 1-23.
  • Autio, E., & Fu, K. (2015). Economic and Political Institutions and Entry into Formal and Informal Entrepreneurship. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(1), 67-94.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893-921.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1993). Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs. London: MIT Press.
  • Bjørnskov, C., & Foss, N. J. (2008). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity: Some Cross-Country Evidence. Public Choice, 134(3-4), 307-328.
  • Blanchflower, D. G. (2000). Self-Employment in OECD Countries. Labour economics, 7(5), 471-505.
  • Blau, D. M. (1987). A Time-Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 95(3), 445-467.
  • Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models, Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.
  • Bosma, N., Sanders, M., & Stam, E. (2018). Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth in Europe. Small Business Economics, 51(2), 483-499.
  • Bruce, D. (2002). Taxes and Entrepreneurial Endurance: Evidence from the Self-Employed. National Tax Journal, 55(1), 5-24.
  • Díaz-Casero, J. C., Díaz-Aunión, D., Sánchez-Escobedo, M. C., Coduras, A., & Hernández-Mogollón, R. (2012). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity. Management Decision, 50(9), 1686-1711.
  • Dvouletý, O. (2018). How to Analyse Determinants of Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment at the Country Level? A Methodological Contribution. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 92-99.
  • Farinha, L., Ferreira, J. J. M., & Nunes, S. (2018). Linking Innovation and Entrepreneurship to Economic Growth. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(4), 451-475.
  • Gardner, J. C., McGowan Jr, C. B., & Sissoko, M. (2014). Entrepreneurship and economic freedom. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 18, 101-112.
  • Gentry, W. M., & Hubbard, R. G. (2000). Tax Policy and Entrepreneurial Entry. American Economic Review, 90(2), 283-287.
  • Ghosh, S., & Hall, J. C. (2018). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship in the Developing World. American Journal of Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 5-20.
  • Goel, R. K., Nelson, M. A., & Payne, J. E. (2015). Entrepreneurship and Cross-National Economic Freedom. R. J. Cebula, J. Hall, F. G. Mixon Jr, & J. E. Payne (Ed.), Economic behavior, economic freedom, and entrepreneurship in (222-235), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Gohmann, S. F., Hobbs, B. K., & McCrickard, M. J. (2013). Economic freedom, Entrepreneurial Activity, and the Service Sector. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 2(2), 144-159.
  • Hall, J. C., Nikolaev, B., Pulito, J. M., & VanMetre, B. J. (2013). The Effect of Personal and Economic Freedom on Entrepreneurial Activity: Evidence from a New State Level Freedom Index. American Journal of Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 88-103.
  • Henrekson, M., Johansson, D., & Stenkula, M. (2010). Taxation, Labor Market Policy and High-Impact Entrepreneurship. Research Institute of Industrial Economics, IFN Working Paper No. 826.
  • Herrera-Echeverri, H., Haar, J., & Estévez-Bretón, J. B. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment, Institutional Quality, Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship in emerging markets. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), 1921-1932.
  • Kanniainen, V., & Vesala, T. (2005). Entrepreneurship and Labor Market Institutions. Economic Modelling, 22(5), 828-847.
  • Kennedy, P. (2006). Ekonometri Kılavuzu. 5. Baskı. Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi.
  • Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL, US: University of Chicago Pres.
  • Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. (2006). Entry Regulation as a Barrier to Entrepreneurship. Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3), 591-629.
  • Kreft, S. F., & Sobel, R. S. (2005). Public Policy, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Freedom. Cato Journal., 25(3), 595-616.
  • Kreft, S., & Mafi-Kreft, E. (2007). Entrepreneurship and State Public Policy. No. 2007-03, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business, Department of Business Economics and Public Policy.
  • Kuckertz, A., Berger, E. S. C., & Mpeqa, A. (2016). The More the Merrier? Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity. Journal of Business Research, 69(4), 1288-1293.
  • Lawson, R. A. (2015). Economic Freedom in the United States and Other Countries. D. J. Boudreaux (Ed.), What America’s Decline in Economic Freedom Means for Entrepreneurship and Prosperity in (67-84), Fraser Institute.
  • Mandić, D., Borović, Z., & Jovićević, M. (2017). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity: Evidence from EU 11 Countries. Economics, 5(2), 11-17.
  • Martin, M. A. G., Picazo, M. T., & Navarro, J. A. (2010). Entrepreneurship, Income Distribution and Economic Growth. International Entrepreneurship Management, 6(2), 131-141.
  • McMullen, J. S., Bagby, D. R., & Palich, L. E. (2008). Economic Freedom and the Motivation to Engage in Entrepreneurial Action. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(5), 875-895.
  • Méndez-Picazo, M. T., Galindo-Martín, M. Á., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2012). Governance, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10), 865-877.
  • Miller, T., Kim, A. B., & Roberts, J. M. (2020). 2020 Index of Economic Freedom. Washington: The Heritage Foundation. Access: 20.07.2020, https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2020/book/Index_2020.pdf.
  • Narita, R. (2020). Self-Employment in Developing Countries: A Search-Equilibrium Approach. Review of Economic Dynamics, 35, 1-34.
  • Naudé, W. (2013). Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Theory, Evidence and Policy. IZA Discussion Paper No. 7507.
  • North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97–112.
  • Nyström, K. (2008). The Institutions of Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Panel Data. Public Choice, 136(3-4), 269-282.
  • Palagashvili, L. (2015). Entrepreneurship, Institutions, and Economic Prosperity. D. J. Boudreaux (Ed.), What America’s Decline in Economic Freedom Means for Entrepreneurship and Prosperity in (3-35), Fraser Institute.
  • Pietrobelli, C., Rabellotti, R., & Aquilina, M. (2004). An Empirical Study of the Determinants of Self‐Employment in Developing Countries. Journal of International Development, 16(6), 803-820.
  • Powell, B., & Weber, R. (2013). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship: A Panel Study of the United States. American Journal of Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 64-84.
  • Ricardo, D. (1821). Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray.
  • Robson, M. T., & Wren, C. (1999). Marginal and Average Tax Rates and the Incentive for Self-Employment. Southern Economic Journal, 65(4), 757-773.
  • Rusu, V. D., & Roman, A. (2017). Entrepreneurial Activity in the EU: An Empirical Evaluation of Its Determinants. Sustainability, 9, 1-16.
  • Saunoris, J. W. & Sajny, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship and Economic Freedom: Cross-Country Evidence from Formal and Informal Sectors. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(3-4), 292-316.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. London: Transaction Publishers, 1996.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy. George Allen & Unwin, 2003.
  • Sciascia, S. & De Vita, R. (2004). The Development of Entrepreneurship Research. Liuc Papers, No.146, Serie Economia Aziendale 19.
  • Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship the Individual-Opportunity Nexus, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sobel, R. S. (2015). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship. D. J. Boudreaux (Ed.), What America’s Decline in Economic Freedom Means for Entrepreneurship and Prosperity in (37-66), Fraser Institute.
  • Sobel, R. S., Clark, J. R., & Lee, D. R. (2007). Freedom, Barriers to Entry, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Progress. The Review of Austrian Economics, 20(4), 221-236.
  • The Heritage Foundation. (2020). 2020 Index of Economic Freedom - About the Index. Access: 20.07.2020, https://www.heritage.org/index/about.
  • The World Bank. (2020). World Development Indicators DataBank, World Development Indicators. Access: 20.07.2020, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
  • Troilo, M. (2011). Legal Institutions and High-Growth Aspiration Entrepreneurship. Economic Systems, 35(2), 158-175.
  • Van Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2005). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 24, 311-321.
  • Van Stel, A., Storey, D. J., & Thurik, A. R. (2007). The Effect of Business Regulations on Nascent and Young Business Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2-3), 171-186.
  • Wong, P. K., Ho, Y. P., & Autio, E. (2005). Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 335-350
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2016). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.

THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

Yıl 2020, Sayı: Özel Sayı-Special Issue - İşletme Kamu ve Ekonomi 2020 Özel Sayısı, 1046 - 1074, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.806610

Öz

The level of economic freedom which is expressed as institutions and policies based on market economy is one of the most significant indicators of entrepreneurial activities since the increase in economic freedom has caused a decrease in transaction costs preventing the entrepreneurial activity. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of economic freedom on entrepreneurship in Islamic countries by using the data belonging to years between 1995 and 2019. In the study, self-employment rate has been used as entrepreneurial criterion; gross domestic product per capita, money supply, import and inflation have been used as the indicators of the entrepreneurship; economic freedom index presented by The Heritage Foundation and its 9 subcomponents out of 12 (property rights, government integrity, government spending, tax burden, business freedom, monetary freedom, trade freedom, investment freedom and financial freedom) have been used as the economic freedom criterion. According to the findings of this study, entrepreneurship has been affected positively by economic freedom and property rights, government integrity, government spending, monetary freedom, investment freedom and financial freedom and negatively by tax burden and trade freedom.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401.
  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlsson, B. (2012). Growth and Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 289-300.
  • Aidis, R., Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. M. (2012). Size Matters: Entrepreneurial Entry and Government. Small Business Economics, 39(1), 119-139.
  • Albayrak, A. S. (2005). Çoklu Doğrusal Bağlantı Halinde En Küçük Kareler Tekniğinin Alternatifi Yanlı Tahmin Teknikleri ve Bir Uygulama. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 105-126.
  • Albulescu, C. T., & Tămăşilă, M. (2016). Exploring the Role of FDI in Enhancing the Entrepreneurial Activity in Europe: A Panel Data Analysis. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 629-657.
  • Álvarez, C., Amorós, J. E., & Urbano, D. (2014). Regulations and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries. Revista Innovar Journal, 24(edición especial), 81-89.
  • Angulo-Guerrero, M. J., Pérez-Moreno, S., & Abad-Guerrero, I. M. (2017). How Economic Freedom Affects Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship in the OECD Countries. Journal of Business Research, 73, 30-37.
  • Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
  • Arin, K. P., Huang, V. Z., Minniti, M., Nandialath, A. M., & Reich, O. F. (2015). Revisiting the Determinants of Entrepreneurship: A Bayesian Approach. Journal of Management, 41(2), 607-631.
  • Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, A. R. (2000). Capitalism and Democracy in 21st Century: From the Managed to the Entrepreneurial Economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 10(1), 17-34.
  • Audretsch, D. B., Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. (2001). Does Entrepreneurship Reduce Unemployment?. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 1-23.
  • Autio, E., & Fu, K. (2015). Economic and Political Institutions and Entry into Formal and Informal Entrepreneurship. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(1), 67-94.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893-921.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1993). Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs. London: MIT Press.
  • Bjørnskov, C., & Foss, N. J. (2008). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity: Some Cross-Country Evidence. Public Choice, 134(3-4), 307-328.
  • Blanchflower, D. G. (2000). Self-Employment in OECD Countries. Labour economics, 7(5), 471-505.
  • Blau, D. M. (1987). A Time-Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 95(3), 445-467.
  • Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models, Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.
  • Bosma, N., Sanders, M., & Stam, E. (2018). Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth in Europe. Small Business Economics, 51(2), 483-499.
  • Bruce, D. (2002). Taxes and Entrepreneurial Endurance: Evidence from the Self-Employed. National Tax Journal, 55(1), 5-24.
  • Díaz-Casero, J. C., Díaz-Aunión, D., Sánchez-Escobedo, M. C., Coduras, A., & Hernández-Mogollón, R. (2012). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity. Management Decision, 50(9), 1686-1711.
  • Dvouletý, O. (2018). How to Analyse Determinants of Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment at the Country Level? A Methodological Contribution. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 92-99.
  • Farinha, L., Ferreira, J. J. M., & Nunes, S. (2018). Linking Innovation and Entrepreneurship to Economic Growth. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(4), 451-475.
  • Gardner, J. C., McGowan Jr, C. B., & Sissoko, M. (2014). Entrepreneurship and economic freedom. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 18, 101-112.
  • Gentry, W. M., & Hubbard, R. G. (2000). Tax Policy and Entrepreneurial Entry. American Economic Review, 90(2), 283-287.
  • Ghosh, S., & Hall, J. C. (2018). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship in the Developing World. American Journal of Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 5-20.
  • Goel, R. K., Nelson, M. A., & Payne, J. E. (2015). Entrepreneurship and Cross-National Economic Freedom. R. J. Cebula, J. Hall, F. G. Mixon Jr, & J. E. Payne (Ed.), Economic behavior, economic freedom, and entrepreneurship in (222-235), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Gohmann, S. F., Hobbs, B. K., & McCrickard, M. J. (2013). Economic freedom, Entrepreneurial Activity, and the Service Sector. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 2(2), 144-159.
  • Hall, J. C., Nikolaev, B., Pulito, J. M., & VanMetre, B. J. (2013). The Effect of Personal and Economic Freedom on Entrepreneurial Activity: Evidence from a New State Level Freedom Index. American Journal of Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 88-103.
  • Henrekson, M., Johansson, D., & Stenkula, M. (2010). Taxation, Labor Market Policy and High-Impact Entrepreneurship. Research Institute of Industrial Economics, IFN Working Paper No. 826.
  • Herrera-Echeverri, H., Haar, J., & Estévez-Bretón, J. B. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment, Institutional Quality, Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship in emerging markets. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), 1921-1932.
  • Kanniainen, V., & Vesala, T. (2005). Entrepreneurship and Labor Market Institutions. Economic Modelling, 22(5), 828-847.
  • Kennedy, P. (2006). Ekonometri Kılavuzu. 5. Baskı. Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi.
  • Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL, US: University of Chicago Pres.
  • Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. (2006). Entry Regulation as a Barrier to Entrepreneurship. Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3), 591-629.
  • Kreft, S. F., & Sobel, R. S. (2005). Public Policy, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Freedom. Cato Journal., 25(3), 595-616.
  • Kreft, S., & Mafi-Kreft, E. (2007). Entrepreneurship and State Public Policy. No. 2007-03, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business, Department of Business Economics and Public Policy.
  • Kuckertz, A., Berger, E. S. C., & Mpeqa, A. (2016). The More the Merrier? Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity. Journal of Business Research, 69(4), 1288-1293.
  • Lawson, R. A. (2015). Economic Freedom in the United States and Other Countries. D. J. Boudreaux (Ed.), What America’s Decline in Economic Freedom Means for Entrepreneurship and Prosperity in (67-84), Fraser Institute.
  • Mandić, D., Borović, Z., & Jovićević, M. (2017). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurial Activity: Evidence from EU 11 Countries. Economics, 5(2), 11-17.
  • Martin, M. A. G., Picazo, M. T., & Navarro, J. A. (2010). Entrepreneurship, Income Distribution and Economic Growth. International Entrepreneurship Management, 6(2), 131-141.
  • McMullen, J. S., Bagby, D. R., & Palich, L. E. (2008). Economic Freedom and the Motivation to Engage in Entrepreneurial Action. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(5), 875-895.
  • Méndez-Picazo, M. T., Galindo-Martín, M. Á., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2012). Governance, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10), 865-877.
  • Miller, T., Kim, A. B., & Roberts, J. M. (2020). 2020 Index of Economic Freedom. Washington: The Heritage Foundation. Access: 20.07.2020, https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2020/book/Index_2020.pdf.
  • Narita, R. (2020). Self-Employment in Developing Countries: A Search-Equilibrium Approach. Review of Economic Dynamics, 35, 1-34.
  • Naudé, W. (2013). Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Theory, Evidence and Policy. IZA Discussion Paper No. 7507.
  • North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97–112.
  • Nyström, K. (2008). The Institutions of Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Panel Data. Public Choice, 136(3-4), 269-282.
  • Palagashvili, L. (2015). Entrepreneurship, Institutions, and Economic Prosperity. D. J. Boudreaux (Ed.), What America’s Decline in Economic Freedom Means for Entrepreneurship and Prosperity in (3-35), Fraser Institute.
  • Pietrobelli, C., Rabellotti, R., & Aquilina, M. (2004). An Empirical Study of the Determinants of Self‐Employment in Developing Countries. Journal of International Development, 16(6), 803-820.
  • Powell, B., & Weber, R. (2013). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship: A Panel Study of the United States. American Journal of Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 64-84.
  • Ricardo, D. (1821). Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray.
  • Robson, M. T., & Wren, C. (1999). Marginal and Average Tax Rates and the Incentive for Self-Employment. Southern Economic Journal, 65(4), 757-773.
  • Rusu, V. D., & Roman, A. (2017). Entrepreneurial Activity in the EU: An Empirical Evaluation of Its Determinants. Sustainability, 9, 1-16.
  • Saunoris, J. W. & Sajny, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship and Economic Freedom: Cross-Country Evidence from Formal and Informal Sectors. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(3-4), 292-316.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. London: Transaction Publishers, 1996.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy. George Allen & Unwin, 2003.
  • Sciascia, S. & De Vita, R. (2004). The Development of Entrepreneurship Research. Liuc Papers, No.146, Serie Economia Aziendale 19.
  • Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship the Individual-Opportunity Nexus, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sobel, R. S. (2015). Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship. D. J. Boudreaux (Ed.), What America’s Decline in Economic Freedom Means for Entrepreneurship and Prosperity in (37-66), Fraser Institute.
  • Sobel, R. S., Clark, J. R., & Lee, D. R. (2007). Freedom, Barriers to Entry, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Progress. The Review of Austrian Economics, 20(4), 221-236.
  • The Heritage Foundation. (2020). 2020 Index of Economic Freedom - About the Index. Access: 20.07.2020, https://www.heritage.org/index/about.
  • The World Bank. (2020). World Development Indicators DataBank, World Development Indicators. Access: 20.07.2020, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
  • Troilo, M. (2011). Legal Institutions and High-Growth Aspiration Entrepreneurship. Economic Systems, 35(2), 158-175.
  • Van Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2005). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 24, 311-321.
  • Van Stel, A., Storey, D. J., & Thurik, A. R. (2007). The Effect of Business Regulations on Nascent and Young Business Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2-3), 171-186.
  • Wong, P. K., Ho, Y. P., & Autio, E. (2005). Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 335-350
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2016). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gökhan Özkul 0000-0001-7545-8292

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: Özel Sayı-Special Issue - İşletme Kamu ve Ekonomi 2020 Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkul, G. (2020). THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(Özel Sayı-Special Issue), 1046-1074. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.806610