ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRACY IN EMERGING ECONOMIES

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 197 - 214, 26.03.2021

Rabia Efeoğlu Sabri Azgün

https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.797226

Cited By: 1

Öz

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of economic development on democracy with the data for the period 2001-2016 in 24 emerging market economies. This article develops a new methodology and analyzes the impact of openness, economic, social and financial development indicators on the level of democracy. We used the panel-ordered qualitative preference analysis method to estimate the relationship between democracy and economic development. We have concluded that economic development is more effective at higher levels of democracy and is higher likely to affect the higher level of democracy. We have shown that economic development raises the level of democracy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Democracy, Economic development, Ordered Qualitative Preference Analysis

YÜKSELEN EKONOMİLERDE EKONOMİK KALKINMA VE DEMOKRASİ

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 24 yükselen piyasa ekonomisi için 2001-2016 dönemine ait veriler ile ekonomik kalkınmanın demokrasi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu makale yeni bir metodoloji geliştirir ve dışa açıklık, ekonomik, sosyal ve finansal kalkınma göstergelerinin demokrasi düzeyine etkisini analiz eder. Demokrasi ve ekonomik kalkınma arasındaki ilişkiyi tahmin etmek için panel sıralı nitel tercih analiz yöntemini kullandık. Ekonomik kalkınmanın demokrasinin yüksek düzeylerinde daha etkili ve yüksek demokrasi düzeyini etkileme olasılığının daha yüksek olduğu sonucunu elde ettik. Ekonomik kalkınmanın demokrasi düzeyini yükselttiğini gösterdik.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Demokrasi, Ekonomik Kalkınma, Sıralı Nitel Tercih Analizi

Kaynakça

• Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., & Yared, P. (2008). Income and Democracy. American Economic Review, 98(3), 808–842.
• Aixala, J., & Fabro, G. (2009). Economic Freedom, Civil Liberties, Political Rights and Growth: A Causality Analysis. Span Econ Rev, 11, 165–178.
• Amir-Ud-Din, R., Rashid, A., & Ahmad, S. (2008). Democracy, Inequality and Economic Development: The Case of Pakistan. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 26935, 1-20.
• Arat, Z. F. (1988). Democracy and Economic Development: Modernization Theory Revisited. Comparative Politics, 21(1), 21-36.
• Balaev, M. (2014). Improving Models of Democracy: The Example of Lagged Effects of Economic Development, Education, and Gender Equality. Social Science Research, 46, 169–183.
• Barro, R. J. (1996). Democracy and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth. 1(1), 1-27.
• Barro, R. J. (1999). Determinants of Democracy. Journal of Economic Growth. 1(1), 1-27.
• Baum, M. A., & Lake, D. A. (2003). The Political Economy of Growth: Democracy and Human Capital. American Journal of Political Science, 47( 2), 333–347.
• Benhabib, J., Corvalan, A., & Spiegel, M. M. (2013). Income and Democracy: Evidence from Nonlinear Estimations. Economics Letters. 118, 489–492.
• Bollen, K. A. (1979). Political Democracy and the Timing of Development. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 572-587.
• Burkhart, R. E., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (1994). Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis. American Political Science Review, 88(4), 903-910.
• Che, Y., Lu, Y., Tao, Z., & Wang, P. (2013). The Impact of Income on Democracy Revisited, Journal of Comparative Economics. 41(1), 159-169.
• Clague, C., Gleason, S., & Knack, S. (2001). Determinants of Lasting Democracy in Poor Countries: Culture, Development, and Institutions. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 573, 16-41.
• Colaresi, M., & Thompson, W. R. (2003). The Economic Development-Democratization Relationship: Does the Outside World Matter?, Comparative Political Studies, 36, 381-403.
• Comeau, L. (2003). Democracy and Growth: A Relationship Revisited. Eastern Economic Journal, 29(1), 1-21.
• Cutright, P. (1963). National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis. American Sociological Review, 28(2), 253-264.
• De Haan, J., & Siermann, C. L. J. (1995). A Sensitivity Analysis of the Impact of Democracy on Economic Growth. Empirical Economics, 20, 197-215.
• Dick, G. W. (1974). Authoritarian Versus Nonauthoritarian Approaches to Economic Development. Journal of Political Economy, 82(4), 817-827.
• Drury, A. C., Krieckhaus, J., & Lusztig, M. (2006). Corruption, Democracy, and Economic Growth. International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique, 27(2), 121-136.
• Fabro, G., & Aixala, J. (2012). Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic and Political Freedom on Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Issues, 46(4), 1059-1080.
• Farr, W. K., Lord, R. A., & Wolfenbarger, J. L. (1988). Economic Freedom, Political Freedom, and Economic Well-being: A Causality Analysis. Cato Journal, 18(2), 247-262.
• Feng, Y. (1996). Democracy and Growth: The Sub-Saharan African Case, 1960-1992. Review of Black Political Economy, 25(1), 95-126.
• Feng, Y. (1997). Democracy, Political Stability and Economic Growth. British Journal of Political Science, 27(3), 391-418.
• Gasıorowskı, M. J. (2000). Democracy and Macroeconomic Performance in Underdeveloped Countries: An empirical analysis. Comparative Political Studies, 33(3), 319-349.
• Gerring, J., Bond, P., Barndt, W. T., & Moreno, C. (2005). Democracy and Economic Growth a Historical Perspective. World Politics, 57, 323–64.
• Gupta, K. L. (1988). Macroeconomic Determinants of Growth: Some Implications of Disaggregation. Applied Economics, 20(6), 843-852.
• Gupta, D. K., Madhavan, M. C., & Blee, A. (1998). Democracy, Economic Growth and Political Instability: An Integrated Perspective. Journal of Socio~Economics, 27(5), 587-611.
• Heid, B., Langer, J., & Larch, M. (2012). Income and Democracy: Evidence from System GMM Estimates. Ifo Working Paper, 118, 1-9.
• Helliwell, J. F. (1992). Empirical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth. Working Paper, 4066, 1-28.
• Heo, U., & Tan, A. C (2001). Democracy and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis. Comparative Politics, 33(4), 463-473.
• Jackman, R. W. (1973). On the Relation of Economic Development to Democratic Performance. American Journal of Political Science, 17(3), 611-621.
• Jacob, J., & Osang, T. (2015). Democracy and Growth: A Dynamic Panel Data Study, Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Democracy-and-Growth%3A-A-Dynamic-Panel-Data-Study-Jacob-Osang/...( accessed 21 May 2018).
• Jaımovich, E. (2012). Import Diversification Along the Growth Path. Carlo Alberto Notebooks, 242, 1-14.
• Jalles, J. T. (2010). Does Democracy Foster or Hinder Growth? Extreme-type Political Regimes in a Large Panel. Economics Bulletin, 30(2), 1359-1372.
• Jaunky, V. C. (2013). Democracy and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Panel Data Approach. Empir Econ, 45, 987–1008.
• Kim, C. L. (1971). Socio-economic Development and Political Democracy in Japanese Prefectures. The American Political Science Review, 65(1), 184-186.
• Knutsen, C. H. (2013). Democracy, State Capacity, and Economic Growth. World Development, 1-53.
• Kormendi, R. C., & Meguire, P. G (1985). Macroeconomic Determinants of Growth Cross-Country Evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 16, 141-163.
• Krıeckhaus, J. (2004). The Regime Debate Revisted: A Sensitivity Analysis of Democracy's Economic Effect. British Journal of Political Science, 34(4), 635-655.
• Kurzman, C., Werum, R., Burkhart, R. E. (2002). Democracy’s Effect on Economic Growth: A Pooled Time-series Analysis, 1951-1980. Studies in Comparative International Development, 37(1), 3-33.
• Landman, T. (1999). Economic Development and Democracy: The View from Latin America. Political Studies, 47, 607-626.
• Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. The American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105.
• Londregan, J. B., & Poole, K. T. (1996). Does High Income Promote Democracy? World Politics, 49(1), 1-30.
• Marsh, R. M. (1988). Sociological Explanations of Economic Growth. Studies in Comparative International Development, 41-76.
• Mejia, J. F. M., Velasquez, H., & Garcia, V. Z. (2016). Understanding Import Diversification: An Empirical Analysis. available at: https://repository.eafit.edu.co/ (accessed 27 July 2019).
• Muller, E. N. (1988). Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality. American Sociological Review, 53(1), 50-68.
• Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2006). Democracy and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Cointegration and Casuality Test. Review of Applied Economics, 2(1), 81-98.
• Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S., & Smyth, R. (2011). Does Democracy Facilitate Economic Growth or Does Economic Growth Facilitate Democracy? An Empirical Study of Sub-Saharan Africa, Economic Modelling. 28, 900–910.
• Neubauer, D. E. (1967). Some Conditions of Democracy. The American Political Science Review, 61(4), 1002-1009.
• Olsen, M. E. (1968). Multivariate Analysis of National Political Development. American Sociological Review, 33(5), 699-712.
• Öniş, Z., & Özçelik, E. (2019). Küreselleşme, Servet Eşitsizliği ve Demokrasi Üçgeni Üzerine.availableat:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331065211_Kuresellesme_Servet_Esitsizligi_ve_Demokrasi_Ucgeni_Uzerine_Kuresellesme_Servet_Esitsizligi_ve_Demokrasi_Ucgeni_Uzerine”, (accessed 13 May 2019).
• Papaıoannou, E., & Siourounis, G. (2008). Democratisation and Growth. The Economic Journal, 118(532), 1520-1551.
• Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (2006). Democracy and Development: The Devil in the Details. CESifo Working Paper, 1672, 1-16.
• Pourgerami, A. (1988). The Political Economy of Development: A Cross-national Causality Test of Development-Democracy-Growth Hypothesis. Public Choice, 58(2), 123-141.
• Povitkina, M., Jagers, S. C., Sjöstedt, M., & Sundström, A. (2013). Democracy and Economic Development: Investigating the Effects on the Marine Environment. QoG Working Paper Series, 2, 1-27
• Przeworski, A., & Limongi, F. (1993). Political Regimes and Economic Growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(3), 51-69.
• Quinn, D. P., & Woolley, J. T. (2001). Democracy and National Economic Performance: The Preference for Stability. American Journal of Political Science, 45(3), 634-657.
• Rachdia, H., & Saidi, H. (2015). Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence in MENA Countries. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 616-621.
• Ranganathan, S., Nicolis, S. C., Spaiser, V.U., & Sumpter, D. J. T. (2015). Understanding Democracy and Development Traps Using a Data-driven Approach. Big Data, 3(1), 22-33.
• Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Development and Democracy. Annual Review Political Science, 9, 503-527.
• Scheve, K., & Stasavage, D. (2017). Wealth Inequality and Democracy. Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 451-468.
• Scully, G. W. (1988). The Institutional Framework and Economic Development. Journal of Political Economy, 96(3), 652-662.
• Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2012). Economic development. Boston, Addison Wesley.
• Weede, E. (1983). The Impact of Democracy on Economic Growth: Some Evidence from Cross-National Analysis. KYUOS, 36(1), 21-39.
• Vega-Gordillo, M., & Alvarez-Arce, J. L. (2003). Economic Growth and Freedom: A Causality Study. Cato Journal, 23(2), 199-215.