Research Article
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Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 884 - 903, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1443197

Abstract

References

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  • Ayazlar, G., & Güzel, B. (2014). The effect of loneliness in the workplace on organizational commitment. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, (131), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.124
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
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  • Belingheri, M., Paladino, M.E., & Riva, M.A. (2020). COVID-19: Health prevention and control in non-healthcare settings. Occup. 70, 82–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa048
  • Bernerth, J. B., Walker, H. J., & Harris, S. G. (2016). Rethinking the benefits and pitfalls of leader–member exchange: A reciprocity versus self-protection perspective. Human Relations, 69(3), 661-684. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715594214
  • Bloom, N., R. Han, & J. Liang (2022). How hybrid working from home works out. NBER Working Paper 30292. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30292
  • Brennen, S., & Kreiss, D. (2014). Digitalization and digitization. Culture Digitally. http://culturedigitally.org/2014/09/digitalization-and-digitization/
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2016). Scientific research methods (21.Basım). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Berntson, G. G. (2003). The anatomy of loneliness. Current Directions İn Psychological Science, 12(3), 71-74.
  • Chew, E. (2013). Value co-creation in the organizations of the future. In Semmelrock-Picej, M. & Novak, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance, Alpen-Adria Universitat Klagenfurt, 14-15 November, pp. 16-23.
  • Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2013). Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior. Statistics in Medicine, 32(4), 556-577. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5408
  • Cisco. (2021). Global hibrit çalışma araştırması. CISCO. https://www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/solutions/global-hybrid-work-study.html#blade-2
  • Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000103
  • Cowan, K. (2020). Survey results: Understanding people’s concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Academy of Medical Sciences. http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/COVIDmentalhealthsurveys.
  • Doğan, T. Çetin, B., & Sungur, M.Z. (2009). Reliability and validity of the turkish version of loneliness at work scale. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10, 271-277.
  • D'Oliveira, T. C., & Persico, L. (2023). Workplace isolation, loneliness and wellbeing at work: The mediating role of task interdependence and supportive behaviours. Applied Ergonomics, 106,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103894
  • Dulebohn, J.H., Bommer, W.H., Liden, R.C., Brouer, R.L., & Ferris, G.R. (2012), A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1715-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311415280
  • Duyan, E. C., Aytaç, S., Akyildiz, N., & Van Laar, D. (2013). Measuring work related quality of life and affective well-being in Turkey. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 105-105. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n1p105
  • Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (1999). “The impact of relational demography on the quality of leader‐member exchanges and employees' work attitudes and well‐being”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 2(72), 237-40. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166635
  • Erzen, E., & Çikrikci, Ö. (2018). The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018776349, Evans Data Corporation. (2019). Worldwide professional developer population of 24 million projected to grow amid shifting geographical concentrations. https://evansdata.com/press/viewRelease.php?pressID=278
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2.Basım). Sage Publications.
  • Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(4), 384-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review Of General Psychology, 2(3), 300-319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.30
  • González-Navarro, P., Talavera-Escribano, E., Zurriaga-Lloréns, R., & Llinares-Insa, L.I. (2019). Culture, work, and subjective well-being: the role of LMX and resilience in Spanish and Chinese cultures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244945
  • Gültekin, S. (2014). The Mediating Effect of Leader-Member Exchange in Relationship between Psychological Contract Breach and Cynical Attitudes Toward Organization. [Unpublished PhD Dissertation], Hacettepe University.
  • Harari, Y. N. (2018). 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. Random House.
  • Hayman, J. (2010). Flexible work schedules and employee well-being. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 35(2), 76-87.
  • Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, (44), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352
  • Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.269 ILO (2020). In the face of a pandemic: Ensuring Safety and Health at Work. Geneva.
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Home, Office or Hybrid? Which is the Ideal Working Model for Software Developers?

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 884 - 903, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1443197

Abstract

The main aim of this research is to examine the impacts of the radical changes in work model choice brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic on the emotions and attitudes of employees. The study group consists of 113 software developers who have returned to working from the office after Covid-19, 163 who continue to work from home, and 131 who are hybrid working from home. As a result of the research, it was seen that there were significant differences in the levels of job-related affective well-being, loneliness at work and leader member exchange between home-based, office-based and hybrid employees. Job related affective well-being and leader member exchange were found to be higher in hybrid employees compared to those working from home and office, and loneliness at work was found to be lower. There was no significant difference between the study groups in the levels of coworker exchange. Due to the current nature of the research findings, they have been discussed within the framework of limited studies in the field literature.

References

  • Ab Wahab, M., & Tatoglu, E. (2020). Chasing productivity demands, worker well-being, and firm performance: The moderating effects of HR support and flexible work arrangements. Personnel review, 49(9), 1823-1843. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2019-0026
  • Ağcadağ Çelik, İ. (2021). Flexible workspaces: Shared offices, Academic Social Research Journal, 9(112), 90-106. https://doi.org/10.29228/ASOS.47750
  • Ayazlar, G., & Güzel, B. (2014). The effect of loneliness in the workplace on organizational commitment. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, (131), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.124
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
  • Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2020). Why working from home will stick. Becker Friedman Institute working paper. University of Chicago.
  • Baş, T., Keskin, N., & Mert, İ. S. (2010). Leader member exchange (lmx) model and validity and reliability of its instrument in Turkish. Ege Academic Review, 10(3), 1013-1039.
  • Belingheri, M., Paladino, M.E., & Riva, M.A. (2020). COVID-19: Health prevention and control in non-healthcare settings. Occup. 70, 82–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa048
  • Bernerth, J. B., Walker, H. J., & Harris, S. G. (2016). Rethinking the benefits and pitfalls of leader–member exchange: A reciprocity versus self-protection perspective. Human Relations, 69(3), 661-684. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715594214
  • Bloom, N., R. Han, & J. Liang (2022). How hybrid working from home works out. NBER Working Paper 30292. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30292
  • Brennen, S., & Kreiss, D. (2014). Digitalization and digitization. Culture Digitally. http://culturedigitally.org/2014/09/digitalization-and-digitization/
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2016). Scientific research methods (21.Basım). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Berntson, G. G. (2003). The anatomy of loneliness. Current Directions İn Psychological Science, 12(3), 71-74.
  • Chew, E. (2013). Value co-creation in the organizations of the future. In Semmelrock-Picej, M. & Novak, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance, Alpen-Adria Universitat Klagenfurt, 14-15 November, pp. 16-23.
  • Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2013). Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior. Statistics in Medicine, 32(4), 556-577. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5408
  • Cisco. (2021). Global hibrit çalışma araştırması. CISCO. https://www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/solutions/global-hybrid-work-study.html#blade-2
  • Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000103
  • Cowan, K. (2020). Survey results: Understanding people’s concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Academy of Medical Sciences. http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/COVIDmentalhealthsurveys.
  • Doğan, T. Çetin, B., & Sungur, M.Z. (2009). Reliability and validity of the turkish version of loneliness at work scale. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10, 271-277.
  • D'Oliveira, T. C., & Persico, L. (2023). Workplace isolation, loneliness and wellbeing at work: The mediating role of task interdependence and supportive behaviours. Applied Ergonomics, 106,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103894
  • Dulebohn, J.H., Bommer, W.H., Liden, R.C., Brouer, R.L., & Ferris, G.R. (2012), A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1715-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311415280
  • Duyan, E. C., Aytaç, S., Akyildiz, N., & Van Laar, D. (2013). Measuring work related quality of life and affective well-being in Turkey. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 105-105. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n1p105
  • Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (1999). “The impact of relational demography on the quality of leader‐member exchanges and employees' work attitudes and well‐being”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 2(72), 237-40. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166635
  • Erzen, E., & Çikrikci, Ö. (2018). The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018776349, Evans Data Corporation. (2019). Worldwide professional developer population of 24 million projected to grow amid shifting geographical concentrations. https://evansdata.com/press/viewRelease.php?pressID=278
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2.Basım). Sage Publications.
  • Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(4), 384-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review Of General Psychology, 2(3), 300-319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.30
  • González-Navarro, P., Talavera-Escribano, E., Zurriaga-Lloréns, R., & Llinares-Insa, L.I. (2019). Culture, work, and subjective well-being: the role of LMX and resilience in Spanish and Chinese cultures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244945
  • Gültekin, S. (2014). The Mediating Effect of Leader-Member Exchange in Relationship between Psychological Contract Breach and Cynical Attitudes Toward Organization. [Unpublished PhD Dissertation], Hacettepe University.
  • Harari, Y. N. (2018). 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. Random House.
  • Hayman, J. (2010). Flexible work schedules and employee well-being. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 35(2), 76-87.
  • Hobfoll, S.E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, (44), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352
  • Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.269 ILO (2020). In the face of a pandemic: Ensuring Safety and Health at Work. Geneva.
  • IWG Global Workspace Survey (2019). Welcome to Generation Flex – the employee power shift. https://assets.regus.com/pdfs/iwg-workplace-survey/iwg-workplacesurvey-2019.pdf
  • Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy Jr, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations. Psychological methods, 14(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014694
  • Karasek, R.A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Adm. Sci. Q., 24, 285–308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498
  • Kaspersky, E. (2021a). Kaspersky’s new report: Despite an increase in workload, most people feel more comfortable working remotely. https://www.kaspersky.com/about/press-releases/2021_kasperskys-new-report-despite-an-increase-in-workload-most-people-feel-more-comfortable-working-remotely
  • Kaspersky, E. (2021b). Employee wellbeing 2021: Learning from the new reality. https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/employee-wellbeing-2021/.
  • Kırboğa, R. (2017). The relationship between psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: The mediating effect of leader member exchange. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis] Balikesir University.
  • Knight, C., Olaru, D., Lee, J. A., & Parker, S. K. (2022). The loneliness of the hybrid worker. MIT Sloan Management Review, 63(4), 10-12.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Human Resources Management
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Muhammet Tortumlu 0000-0002-7245-1017

Hasan Hüseyin Uzunbacak 0000-0002-3297-1659

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date February 27, 2024
Acceptance Date June 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tortumlu, M., & Uzunbacak, H. H. (2024). Home, Office or Hybrid? Which is the Ideal Working Model for Software Developers?. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 11(2), 884-903. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1443197

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