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EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 131 - 144, 03.12.2016

Öz

The effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (3-300kFlz) on living beings has been investigated in the last decades since it was demonstrated that there was an increased incidence of childhood leukemia among residences near power lines. Epidemiological and laboratory studies have increased in number since then, however, a definitive cause-effect relationship has not been found yet. The most important reason is a lack of mechanism for the interaction of these nonionizing, non-thermal electromagnetic fields with biological systems. This overview aims to summarize epidemiological and laboratory in vivo and in vitro studies made in this field.
Key Words: ELF-EMF, Non-ionizing
radiation, Signal transduction, Epidemiological

Kaynakça

  • Frey AH. Electromagnetic field interactions with biological systems. FASEB J 1992; 7:272-281.
  • Liboff AR. Geomagnetic cyclotron resonance in living cells. J Ceil Biol Fhys 1985; 13:99- 102.
  • Lawrence AF.Adey RA. Hon-linear wave mechanics in interactions between excitable tissue and electromagnetic fields. ITeurol Res 1982;4:1 15-153.
  • Chiabrera A, Viviani R, Caratoz/.oio F,
  • Giannetti G, Grattarola M, Viviani R. Electric and magnetic field effects on ligand binding to the cell membrane. In: Chiabrera
  • A.Hicolini C Schwan HP, eds. Interactions between electromagnetic fields and cells. Hew York: Plenum Press, 1985:253-281.
  • Bennet WR Jr. Sources of low-frequency fields. In: Bennet WR ed. Health and low- frequency electromagnetic fields. Michigan USA. Yale Univ, 1994:32-93.
  • Azanza MJ.Del Moral A. Cell membrane biochemistry and neurobiological approach to biomagnetism. Progr Hcurobiol 1994; 44:51 7-601
  • Adey WR. Tissue interactions with nonionizing electromagnetic fields.Physiol Rev 1981;61:435-513.
  • Wertheimer H, Leeper E. Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1979; 109:273-84.
  • Fulton JP.Cobb S, Preble E, Leone L, Forman
  • E. Electrical wiring configurations and
  • 3 9
  • A. inhan-Garip
  • childhood leukemia in Rhode Island. Am J Epidemiol 1980;l I 1:292-295.
  • Myers A, Cartwright RA, Bonnell JA, Male JC, Cartwright JC. Overhead power lines and childhood cancer. International Conference of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Medicine and Biology. London: December 4-5,126, I EE Conf.Publ.no.257.1985
  • Tomenius I. 50flz electromagnetic environment and the incidence of childhood tumors in Stockholm county. Bioelectromagnetics 1986;7:191 -207.
  • Savitz DA, Wachtel ft, Barnes EA, John EM, TvrdikJG. Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60liz magnetic fields. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128:21 -58.
  • Coleman MP,Bell CMJ, Taylor fIL, Primic- Zakelcj M.Leukemia and residence near electricity transmission equipments case- control study. Br J Cancer 1989:60:795-798.
  • London SJ, Thomas DC, Bowman JD, Sobel E, Cheng TC, Peters JM. Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am J Epidemiol 1991,154:925-957.
  • Eeychting M, Ahlbom A. Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high voltage power lines. Am J Epidemiol 1995,158:467-481.
  • Olsen Jfl, Mielsen A, Schulgen O. Residence near high voltage facilities and the risk of cancer in children. Danish Cancer Registry 1995;AG-H IR-26
  • I 7. Verkasalo PR, Pukkala E, Hongisto My, et al. Risk of cancer in Finnish children living close to power lines.Br Med J 1995:507:895-899.
  • Michaelis J.Schuz J, Meinert R, et al. Childhood leukemia and electromagnetic fields: results of a population-based case- control study in Germany. Cancer Causes and Control 1997;8:167-174.
  • Linet MS, Hatch EE, Rleinerman RA, et al. Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Hew Engl J Med 1997:555:1-7.
  • Tynes T, Haldorsen T. Electromagnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Horwegian high voltage power lines.Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:219-226.
  • Savitz DA, John EM, Rleckner RC. Magnetic field exposure from electric appliances and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1990:151:765-775.
  • Li D, Ceckoway H, Mueller BA. Electric blanket use during pregnancy in relation to
  • the risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies among woman with a history of subfertility. Epidemiology 1995:6:485-489.
  • Vena JE, Graham S, Heilman R, Swanson M, Brasure J. Use of electric blankets and risk of post-menapausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1991;154:180-185.
  • national Academy of Sciences Committee. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields.The national Academy Press 1997.
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  • Guenel P, Hicolau J, Imbernon E, Chevalier A, Goldberg M. Exposure to 50Hz electric field and incidence of leukemia, brain tumor, and other cancers among French electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144:1 107-1 1021.
  • Preston-Martin S, Havidi W, Thomas D, Lee PJ, Bowman J, Progoda J. Los Angeles study of residential magnetic fields and childhood brain tumors. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 145:105-1 19.
  • Milham S Jr. Mortality from leukemia in workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields. Hew Engl J Med 1982:507:249.
  • Savitz DA, Ahlbom A. ' Epidemiologic evidence on cancer in relation to residential and occupational exposure. In: Biologic effects of electric and magnetic fields. Vol.2. Hew York: Academic Press, 1994:255-262.
  • Demers PA, Thomas DB, Strenhagen A, et al. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men. Am J Epidemiol 1991;152:775-776.
  • Matanoski GM, Breysse PH, Elliott EA. Electromagnetic field exposure and male breast cancer. Lancet 1991;557:775.
  • Tynes T, Andersen A, Langmark F. Incidence of cancer in Horwegian workers potentially exposed to electromagnetic fields. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 156:81 -88.
  • Loomis DP, Savitz DA, Ananth CV. breast cancer mortality among female electrical workers in the United States. J Hat Cancer Inst 1994;86:921-925.
  • Savitz DA, Loomis DP. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and breast cancer mortality among electrical utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141:125- 154.
  • 4 0
  • Effects of ELF electromagnetic fields on biological systems
  • Floderus B, Fersson T, Stenlund C, Wennberg A, Ost A, Knave B. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in relation to leukemia and brain tumors: a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Causes and Control 1993:4:465-476.
  • Theriault S, Goldberg M, Miller AB, et al. Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontarioand Quebec,Canada and France -1970-1989. Am J Epidemiol 1994,139:550-572.
  • Miller AB, To T, Agnew DA, Wall C, Green LM. Leukemia following occupational exposure to 60Hz electric and magnetic fields among Ontario electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144:150-160.
  • United nations Environmental Programme/ World Health Organization/ International Radiation Protection Association. Extremely low frequency (ELF) Fields. Geneva, World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria I984;35.
  • Tenforde TS. Biological interactions of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1991;25:1-17.
  • Cook MR, Graham C, Cohen HD, Gerkovich MM. A replication study of human exposure to 60-Hz field effects on neurobehavioral measures. Bioelectromagnetics 1992; 13: 261-285.
  • Graham C, Cook MR, Cohen HD,Gerkovich MM. Dose response study of human exposure to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1994; 15:447- 463.
  • Jauchem RJ. Exposure to extremely-low-
  • frequency electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency radiation cardiovascular
  • effects in humans, mt Arch Occup Environ Health 1997;70:9-21.
  • Sander R, Brinkmann J, Kühne B. Laboratory studies on animals and human beings exposed to 50-Hz electric and magnetic fields. CIGRE,international Congress on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Paris, 1-9 Sept. 1982, CIG RE Paper:36-0I.
  • Ruppe I, Hentschel K, Eggert S, Goltz S. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von 50 Hz magnetfeldern.Schriftenreihe der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitmedizin 1995,11.003.
  • Silny J. The influence treshold of a time- värying magnetic field in the human
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  • Tenforde TS. Interaction of ELF magnetic fields with living systems. In: Polk C.Postow E,eds. Biological effects of electromagnetic fields. Boca Raton: FL.CRC Press, 1996:185- 230.
  • Astumian RD, Weaver JC, Adair RK. Rectification and signal avareging of weak electric fields by biological cells. PHAS 1995; 92:3740-3743.
  • Tenforde TS. Cellular and Molecular pathways of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field interactions with living systems. In: Blank M, ed. Electricity and magnetism in biology and medicine.San Fransisco: San Fransisco Press, 1993:1 -8.
  • Sienkiewicz ZJ, Saunders RD, Kowalczuk Ci. The biological effects of exposure to nonionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation:ii Extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields. Chilton, UK: national Radiological Protection Board, 1991, TiRPB R239.
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  • 4 3
  • A. inhan-Garip
  • Clejan S, Dotson RS, ide CF, Beckman BS. Coordinated effects of electromagnetic field exposure on erythropoietin-induced acticities of phosphatidylinositol- phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol
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  • 4
Yıl 2003, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 131 - 144, 03.12.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Frey AH. Electromagnetic field interactions with biological systems. FASEB J 1992; 7:272-281.
  • Liboff AR. Geomagnetic cyclotron resonance in living cells. J Ceil Biol Fhys 1985; 13:99- 102.
  • Lawrence AF.Adey RA. Hon-linear wave mechanics in interactions between excitable tissue and electromagnetic fields. ITeurol Res 1982;4:1 15-153.
  • Chiabrera A, Viviani R, Caratoz/.oio F,
  • Giannetti G, Grattarola M, Viviani R. Electric and magnetic field effects on ligand binding to the cell membrane. In: Chiabrera
  • A.Hicolini C Schwan HP, eds. Interactions between electromagnetic fields and cells. Hew York: Plenum Press, 1985:253-281.
  • Bennet WR Jr. Sources of low-frequency fields. In: Bennet WR ed. Health and low- frequency electromagnetic fields. Michigan USA. Yale Univ, 1994:32-93.
  • Azanza MJ.Del Moral A. Cell membrane biochemistry and neurobiological approach to biomagnetism. Progr Hcurobiol 1994; 44:51 7-601
  • Adey WR. Tissue interactions with nonionizing electromagnetic fields.Physiol Rev 1981;61:435-513.
  • Wertheimer H, Leeper E. Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1979; 109:273-84.
  • Fulton JP.Cobb S, Preble E, Leone L, Forman
  • E. Electrical wiring configurations and
  • 3 9
  • A. inhan-Garip
  • childhood leukemia in Rhode Island. Am J Epidemiol 1980;l I 1:292-295.
  • Myers A, Cartwright RA, Bonnell JA, Male JC, Cartwright JC. Overhead power lines and childhood cancer. International Conference of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Medicine and Biology. London: December 4-5,126, I EE Conf.Publ.no.257.1985
  • Tomenius I. 50flz electromagnetic environment and the incidence of childhood tumors in Stockholm county. Bioelectromagnetics 1986;7:191 -207.
  • Savitz DA, Wachtel ft, Barnes EA, John EM, TvrdikJG. Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60liz magnetic fields. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128:21 -58.
  • Coleman MP,Bell CMJ, Taylor fIL, Primic- Zakelcj M.Leukemia and residence near electricity transmission equipments case- control study. Br J Cancer 1989:60:795-798.
  • London SJ, Thomas DC, Bowman JD, Sobel E, Cheng TC, Peters JM. Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am J Epidemiol 1991,154:925-957.
  • Eeychting M, Ahlbom A. Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high voltage power lines. Am J Epidemiol 1995,158:467-481.
  • Olsen Jfl, Mielsen A, Schulgen O. Residence near high voltage facilities and the risk of cancer in children. Danish Cancer Registry 1995;AG-H IR-26
  • I 7. Verkasalo PR, Pukkala E, Hongisto My, et al. Risk of cancer in Finnish children living close to power lines.Br Med J 1995:507:895-899.
  • Michaelis J.Schuz J, Meinert R, et al. Childhood leukemia and electromagnetic fields: results of a population-based case- control study in Germany. Cancer Causes and Control 1997;8:167-174.
  • Linet MS, Hatch EE, Rleinerman RA, et al. Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Hew Engl J Med 1997:555:1-7.
  • Tynes T, Haldorsen T. Electromagnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Horwegian high voltage power lines.Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:219-226.
  • Savitz DA, John EM, Rleckner RC. Magnetic field exposure from electric appliances and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1990:151:765-775.
  • Li D, Ceckoway H, Mueller BA. Electric blanket use during pregnancy in relation to
  • the risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies among woman with a history of subfertility. Epidemiology 1995:6:485-489.
  • Vena JE, Graham S, Heilman R, Swanson M, Brasure J. Use of electric blankets and risk of post-menapausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1991;154:180-185.
  • national Academy of Sciences Committee. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields.The national Academy Press 1997.
  • United kingdom cancer Study Investigators. Exposure to power frequency magnetic fields and the risk of childhood cancena case- control study. Lancet 1999:554:1925-1951.
  • Guenel P, Hicolau J, Imbernon E, Chevalier A, Goldberg M. Exposure to 50Hz electric field and incidence of leukemia, brain tumor, and other cancers among French electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144:1 107-1 1021.
  • Preston-Martin S, Havidi W, Thomas D, Lee PJ, Bowman J, Progoda J. Los Angeles study of residential magnetic fields and childhood brain tumors. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 145:105-1 19.
  • Milham S Jr. Mortality from leukemia in workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields. Hew Engl J Med 1982:507:249.
  • Savitz DA, Ahlbom A. ' Epidemiologic evidence on cancer in relation to residential and occupational exposure. In: Biologic effects of electric and magnetic fields. Vol.2. Hew York: Academic Press, 1994:255-262.
  • Demers PA, Thomas DB, Strenhagen A, et al. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men. Am J Epidemiol 1991;152:775-776.
  • Matanoski GM, Breysse PH, Elliott EA. Electromagnetic field exposure and male breast cancer. Lancet 1991;557:775.
  • Tynes T, Andersen A, Langmark F. Incidence of cancer in Horwegian workers potentially exposed to electromagnetic fields. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 156:81 -88.
  • Loomis DP, Savitz DA, Ananth CV. breast cancer mortality among female electrical workers in the United States. J Hat Cancer Inst 1994;86:921-925.
  • Savitz DA, Loomis DP. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and breast cancer mortality among electrical utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141:125- 154.
  • 4 0
  • Effects of ELF electromagnetic fields on biological systems
  • Floderus B, Fersson T, Stenlund C, Wennberg A, Ost A, Knave B. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in relation to leukemia and brain tumors: a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Causes and Control 1993:4:465-476.
  • Theriault S, Goldberg M, Miller AB, et al. Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontarioand Quebec,Canada and France -1970-1989. Am J Epidemiol 1994,139:550-572.
  • Miller AB, To T, Agnew DA, Wall C, Green LM. Leukemia following occupational exposure to 60Hz electric and magnetic fields among Ontario electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144:150-160.
  • United nations Environmental Programme/ World Health Organization/ International Radiation Protection Association. Extremely low frequency (ELF) Fields. Geneva, World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria I984;35.
  • Tenforde TS. Biological interactions of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1991;25:1-17.
  • Cook MR, Graham C, Cohen HD, Gerkovich MM. A replication study of human exposure to 60-Hz field effects on neurobehavioral measures. Bioelectromagnetics 1992; 13: 261-285.
  • Graham C, Cook MR, Cohen HD,Gerkovich MM. Dose response study of human exposure to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1994; 15:447- 463.
  • Jauchem RJ. Exposure to extremely-low-
  • frequency electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency radiation cardiovascular
  • effects in humans, mt Arch Occup Environ Health 1997;70:9-21.
  • Sander R, Brinkmann J, Kühne B. Laboratory studies on animals and human beings exposed to 50-Hz electric and magnetic fields. CIGRE,international Congress on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Paris, 1-9 Sept. 1982, CIG RE Paper:36-0I.
  • Ruppe I, Hentschel K, Eggert S, Goltz S. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von 50 Hz magnetfeldern.Schriftenreihe der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitmedizin 1995,11.003.
  • Silny J. The influence treshold of a time- värying magnetic field in the human
  • organism.in: Bernhardt JH,ed. Biological effects of static and extremely-low frequency magnetic fields. Munich, MMV Medizin Verlag 1986,105-112.
  • Tenforde TS. Interaction of ELF magnetic fields with living systems. In: Polk C.Postow E,eds. Biological effects of electromagnetic fields. Boca Raton: FL.CRC Press, 1996:185- 230.
  • Astumian RD, Weaver JC, Adair RK. Rectification and signal avareging of weak electric fields by biological cells. PHAS 1995; 92:3740-3743.
  • Tenforde TS. Cellular and Molecular pathways of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field interactions with living systems. In: Blank M, ed. Electricity and magnetism in biology and medicine.San Fransisco: San Fransisco Press, 1993:1 -8.
  • Sienkiewicz ZJ, Saunders RD, Kowalczuk Ci. The biological effects of exposure to nonionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation:ii Extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields. Chilton, UK: national Radiological Protection Board, 1991, TiRPB R239.
  • Bernhardt JH. THA direct influence of electromagnetic fields on nerve and muscle cells of man within the frequency range of I Hz to 30 MHz. Radiat Environ Biophys 1979; 16:309-323.
  • Antonopoulos A, Yang B,Stamm A, Heller WD, Obe G. Cytological effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on human lymphocytes in vitro.Mutation Res 1995; 346:151-157.
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  • Eelaco M, Reale M, Grilli A, De Lutiis MA, Barbacane RC, Di Luzio S, Conti P. impact of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on CD4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 210:49-55.
  • Elipo D, Fournier M, Bcnquet C, Roux P, Le Boulaire C, Pinsky C, La Bella ES, Rrzystyniak R. increased apoptosis, changes in intracellular Ca+2, and functional alterations in lymphocytes and macrophages after in vitro exposure to static magnetic field. J Toxicol Environ Health A 1998; 54:63-76.
  • Shoji M, Girard PR, Mazzei G J, Vogler WR,Ruo JF. immunocytochemical evidence for phorbol-ester induced protein kinase C translocation in HL-60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1986; 135:1 143-1 149.
  • Ruiz Gomez MJ, De la Pena L, Pastor JM, Martinez Morillo M, Gill L. 25Hz electromagnetic field exposure has no effect on cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in LI- 937 and HCA-2/Icch cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2001 ;53:137-140.
  • Scarfi MR, Lioi MB, Zeni O, Eranceschetti G, Franceschi C, Bersani F. Lack of chromosomal aberration and micronucleus induction in human lymphocytes exposed to pulsed magnetic fields. Mutation Res. 1994;306:129-133.
  • Paile W, Jokela R, Roivistoinen A, Salomaa S. Effects of 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields and spark discharges on human lymphocytes in vitro. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1995;36:15-22.
  • Sarkar S, Slier A, Behari J. Effect of low power microwave on the mouse genome: adirect DMA analysis. Mutation Research 1994;320:141-147.
  • Adey WR. ELF magnetic fields and promotion of cancenexperimental studies. m.-Horden B.Ramel C,eds. interaction of low-level electromagnetic fields in living systems. Hew York:Oxford University Press, 1992:23-47.
  • Litovitz TA, Rrause D, Mullins JM. Effect of coherence time of the applied magnetic field on ornithine decarboxylase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1991;
  • I 78:862-865.
  • Byus CV, Pieper SE, Adey WR. The effects of low-energy 60 Hz environmental electromagnetic fields upon the growth- related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. Carcinogenesis 198 7;8:1385-1389.
  • Lyle DB, Ayotte RD, Sheppard AR, Adey WR. Supression of T lymphocyte cytotoxicity following exposure to 60 Hz sinusoidal electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1988; 9:303-313.
  • Winters WD, Wendell D, Biological functions of immunologically reactive human and canine cells influenced by in vitro exposure to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields.Final report, Hew York State Power Lines Project, Contract no.2 18207. Sept.25,1986, Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, Albany HY 12201,
  • Philips JL, Haggren W, Thomas WJ, îshida- Jones T, Adey WR. Magnetic field induced changes in specific gene transcription. Biochem Biophys Acta 1992; I 132:140-144.
  • Lagroy I, Poney JL. Influences of 50 Hz magnetic fields and ionizing radiation on c- jun and c-fos oncoproteins. Bioelectromagnetics 1998; 19:112-116
  • Rao S, Henderson /IS. Regulation of c-fos is affected by electromagnetic fields. J Cellular Biochem 1996:63:358-365.
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  • Lin II, Blank M, Rossol-llaseroth R, Goodman R. Regulating genes with electronagnetic response elements. J Cell Biochem 2001; 81.143-148.
  • McLean JR, Stuchly MA, Mitchel RE, et al. Cancer promotion in mouse-skin model by a 60 Hz magnetic field. Tumor development and immune response. Bioelectromagnetics 1991;12:273-287.
  • Rannung A, Ekstrom T, Mild Rfl, Holmberg B, Gimenez-conti I, Slaga TJ. A study on skin tumor formation in mice with 50 Hz magnetic field exposure. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14:573-578.
  • Repacholi MH, Basten A, Gebski V, Hoonan D, Finnic J, Harris AW. Lymphomas in E mu- Pim / transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. Radiat Res 1997;147:631-640.
  • Cain CD, Thomas DL, Adey WR. 60 Hz magnetic field acts as co-promoter in focus formation of C3H/I0TI/2 cells. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14:955-960.
  • Blackman CF, Benane SG, Elliott DJ. Influence of electromagnetic fields on the efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro:A three model analysis consistent with the frequency response up to 510 Hz. Bioelectromagnetics 1988:9:215-22 7.
  • Liburdy RP. Calcium signalling in lymphocytes and ELF fields: Evidence for an electricfield metric and a site of interaction involving calcium ion channel.FEBS Lett 1992;301:53-59.
  • Wallaczek J. Electromagnetic field effects on cells of the immune systemdhe role of calcium signalling. EASEB J 1992; 6:3176- 3185
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  • Dibirdik I, Kristipaitis D, Rurosaki T, et al. Stimulation of Src family protein-tyrosine
  • kinase as a proximal and mandatory step for SyR kinase-dependent phopholipase C(gamma)2 activation in lymphoma B-cells exposed to low energy electromagnetic fields.J Biol Chem 1998;273:4035-39.
  • Uckun FM, Rurosaki T, Jin J, et al. Exposure of B-lineage lymphoid cells to low energy electromagnetic fields stimulates lyn kinase. J Biol Chem 1995;270:27666-27670
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  • Monti MG, Pernecco L, Morussi MS, Battini R, Zaniol P, Barbiroli P. Effects of ELF pulse electromagnetic fields on protein kinase C activation process in HL-60 leukemia cells. J Bioelectricity 1991 ; 10:1 19-131
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  • Tuncel H. Effects of electromagnetic fields on the immune system. In: P.Stravroulakis ed.Biological effects of electromagnetic fields.Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2003: 494-503.
  • Lin H, Opler M, Head M, Blank M, Goodman
  • R. Electromagnetic field exposure induces rapid,transitory heat shock factor activation in human cells. J Cell Biochemistry 1995; 66:482-488.
  • Lin H, Head M, Blank M, Han L, Jin Mi Goodman R. Myc-mediated transactivation of HSP70 expression following exposure to magnetic fields. J Cell Biochemistry 1998; 69:181-188.
  • Rristupaitis D, Dibirdik I, Vassilev A, Mahajan
  • S, Rurosaki T, Chu A, Tuel-Ahlgrcn L, Tuong D, Pond D, Luben R, Uckun EM. Electromagnetic field induced stimulation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273,12397-12401
  • Lindstrom E, Berglund A, Mild RH, Lindstrom P, Lundgren E. CD45 phosphatase in Jurkat cells is necessary for response to applied ELF magnetic fields. FEBS Lett 1995; 370:1 18-122.
  • Lindstrom E, Still M, Mattsson MO, Mild RH, Luben RA. ELF magnetic fields initiate protein tyrosine phosphorylation of the T cell receptor complex. Bioelectrochemistry 2001;53:73-78.
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  • Clejan S, Dotson RS, ide CF, Beckman BS. Coordinated effects of electromagnetic field exposure on erythropoietin-induced acticities of phosphatidylinositol- phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol
  • -kinase. Cell Biochem Biophys 1995; 27:203-225.
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  • ICniKF. EM F Guidelines. Health Physics 1998;74:494-522.
  • 4
Toplam 126 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Reviews
Yazarlar

Ayşe İnhan Garip

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2003 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İnhan Garip, A. (2016). EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Marmara Medical Journal, 16(2), 131-144.
AMA İnhan Garip A. EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Marmara Med J. Mart 2016;16(2):131-144.
Chicago İnhan Garip, Ayşe. “EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS”. Marmara Medical Journal 16, sy. 2 (Mart 2016): 131-44.
EndNote İnhan Garip A (01 Mart 2016) EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Marmara Medical Journal 16 2 131–144.
IEEE A. İnhan Garip, “EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS”, Marmara Med J, c. 16, sy. 2, ss. 131–144, 2016.
ISNAD İnhan Garip, Ayşe. “EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS”. Marmara Medical Journal 16/2 (Mart 2016), 131-144.
JAMA İnhan Garip A. EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Marmara Med J. 2016;16:131–144.
MLA İnhan Garip, Ayşe. “EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS”. Marmara Medical Journal, c. 16, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 131-44.
Vancouver İnhan Garip A. EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Marmara Med J. 2016;16(2):131-44.