Interpenetrating networks of carboxymethyl tamarind gum and chitosan for sustained delivery of aceclofenac

Abstract

The aim of present investigation was to characterize

carboxymethyl tamarind gum (CMTG) based interpenetrating

networks (IPNs) of aceclofenac for site specific sustained delivery.

The drug loaded IPNs were prepared by using chitosan and

CMTG as polymers and gluteraldehyde as crosslinking agent.

The IPNs were characterized by Attenuated total reflectance-

Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal

analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and solid state 13C-nuclear

magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The prepared IPNs were

evaluated for the drug entrapment efficiency and equilibrium

swelling. The drug release from IPNs was studied in 0.1NHCl

for 2h followed by phosphate buffer pH 6.8 for further 10h and

compared with commercial tablet. The results of ATR-FTIR

and thermal analysis for blank IPNs indicated intercalation

of polymeric chains of crosslinked CMTG and chitosan.

The results of solid state characterization revealed that the

aceclofenac is compatible with IPNs. Entrapment efficiency of

IPNs was found to be increased with increase in crosslinker

concentration as well as amount of CMTG. The equilibrium

swelling study indicated pH dependent swelling of IPNs. The

drug release by IPNs showed sustained release of aceclofenac

upto 12h while commercial formulation showed fast release

within 8h. From the results, it can be concluded that the IPNs

of CMTG and chitosan has potential in development of site

specific sustained drug delivery.

Keywords

• Interpenetrating networks,carboxymethyl tamarind gum,chitosan,aceclofenac,crosslinking

References

1. 1. Jana S, Sen KK, Basu SK. In vitro aceclofenac release from IPN matrix tablets composed of chitosan-tamarind seed polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2014;65:241–5.
2. 2. Roy H, Brahma CK, Nandi S, Parida KR. Formulation and design of sustained release matrix tablets of metformin hydrochloride: Influence of hypromellose and polyacrylate polymers. Int J Appl basic Med Res 2013;3:55–63.
3. 3. Salunke PA, Wagh RS, Patil SS, Barhate SD. An Overview: Site Specific Drug Delivery System. Indo Am J Pharm Sci 2016;3:57–72.
4. 4. Changez M, Burugapalli K, Koul V, Choudhary V. The effect of composition of poly(acrylic acid)-gelatin hydrogel on gentamicin sulphate release: In vitro. Biomaterials 2003;24:527–36.
5. 5. Boppana R, Kulkarni R V., Mutalik SS, Setty CM, Sa B. Interpenetrating network hydrogel beads of carboxymethylcellulose and egg albumin for controlled release of lipid lowering drug. J Microencapsul 2010;27:337–44.
6. 6. Jana S, Saha A, Nayak AK, Sen KK, Basu SK. Aceclofenacloaded chitosan-tamarind seed polysaccharide interpenetrating polymeric network microparticles. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 2013;105:303–9.
7. 7. Jana S, Banerjee A, Sen KK, Maiti S. Gelatin-carboxymethyl tamarind gum biocomposites: In vitro characterization & anti-inflammatory pharmacodynamics. Mater Sci Eng C 2016;69:478–85.
8. 8. Kulkarni RV, Mutalik S, Mangond BS, Nayak UY. Novel interpenetrated polymer network microbeads of natural polysaccharides for modified release of water soluble drug: Invitro and in-vivo evaluation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012;64:530– 40.

9. 9. Bhattarai N, Gunn J, Zhang M. Chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled, localized drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010;62:83–99.
10. 10. Kaur G, Jain S, Tiwary AK. Chitosan-carboxymethyl tamarind kernel powder interpolymer complexation: Investigations for colon drug delivery. Sci Pharm 2010;78:57–78.
11. 11. Assa F, Jafarizadeh-Malmiri H, Ajamein H, Vaghari H, Anarjan N, Ahmadi O, Berenjian A. Chitosan magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery systems. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016;37:1–18.
12. 12. Nayak AK, Pal D, Santra K. Development of calcium pectinatetamarind seed polysaccharide mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl. Carbohydr Polym 2014;101:220–30.
13. 13. Mali KK, Dhawale SC, Dias RJ. Microemulsion based bioadhesive gel of itraconazole using tamarind gum: In-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation. Marmara Pharm J 2017;21: 688-700.
14. 14. Kaur H, Ahuja M, Kumar S, Dilbaghi N. Carboxymethyl tamarind kernel polysaccharide nanoparticles for ophthalmic drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2012;50:833–9.
15. 15. Goyal P, Kumar V, Sharma P. Carboxymethylation of Tamarind kernel powder. Carbohydr Polym 2007;69:251–5.
16. 16. Pal S, Sen G, Mishra S, Dey RK, Jha U. Carboxymethyl tamarind: Synthesis, characterization and its application as novel drug-delivery agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2008;110:392– 400.
17. 17. Mali KK, Dhawale SC. Design and optimization of modified tamarind gum-based floating-bioadhesive tablets of verapamil hydrochloride. Asian J Pharm 2016;10:2–8.
18. 18. Jana S, Sharma R, Maiti S, Sen KK. Interpenetrating hydrogels of O-carboxymethyl Tamarind gum and alginate for monitoring delivery of acyclovir. Int J Biol Macromol 2016;92:1034–9.
19. 19. Ahuja M. Metronidazole loaded carboxymethyl tamarind kernel polysaccharide-polyvinyl alcohol cryogels: Preparation and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2015;72:931–8.
20. 20. Mali K, Dhawale S, Dias R, Havaldar V, Ghorpade V, Salunkhe N. Nasal mucoadhesive in situ gel of granisetron hydrochloride using natural polymers. J Appl Pharm Sci 2015;5:84–93.
21. 21. Sanyasi S, Kumar A, Goswami C, Bandyopadhyay A, Goswami L. A carboxy methyl tamarind polysaccharide matrix for adhesion and growth of osteoclast-precursor cells. Carbohydr Polym 2014;101:1033–42.
22. 22. Shaw GS, Uvanesh K, Gautham SN, Singh V, Pramanik K, Banerjee I, Kumar N, Pal K. Development and characterization of gelatin-tamarind gum/carboxymethyl tamarind gum based phase-separated hydrogels: A comparative study. Des Monomers Polym 2015;18:434–50.
23. 23. Shaw GS, Biswal D, B A, Banerjee I, Pramanik K, Anis A, Pal K. Preparation, characterization and assessment of the novel gelatin–tamarind gum/carboxymethyl tamarind gum-based phase-separated films for skin tissue engineering applications. Polym Plast Technol Eng 2017;56:141–52.
24. 24. Sanyasi S, Majhi RK, Kumar S, Mishra M, Ghosh A, Suar M, Satyam PV, Mohapatra H, Goswami C, Goswami L. Polysaccharide-capped silver Nanoparticles inhibit biofilm formation and eliminate multi-drug-resistant bacteria by disrupting bacterial cytoskeleton with reduced cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2016;6:24929.
25. 25. Trivedi JH. Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behavior of superabsorbent hydrogel from sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated tamarind kernel powder-g-PAN. J Appl Polym Sci 2013;129:1992–2003.
26. 26. Jana S, Das A, Nayak AK, Sen KK, Basu SK. Aceclofenac-loaded unsaturated esterified alginate/gellan gum microspheres: In vitro and in vivo assessment. Int J Biol Macromol 2013;57:129– 37.
27. 27. Kulkarni RV, Mangond BS, Mutalik S, Sa B. Interpenetrating polymer network microcapsules of gellan gum and egg albumin entrapped with diltiazem-resin complex for controlled release application. Carbohydr Polym 2011;83:1001–7.
28. 28. Jana S, Gandhi A, Sheet S, Sen KK. Metal ion-induced alginatelocust bean gum IPN microspheres for sustained oral delivery of aceclofenac. Int J Biol Macromol 2015;72:47–53.
29. 29. Balaji R, Raghunathan S, Revathy R. Levofloxacin: formulation and in-vitro evaluation of alginate and chitosan nanospheres. Egypt Pharm J 2015;14:30.
30. 30. Distantina S, Rochmadi, Fahrurrozi M, Wiratni. Preparation of hydrogel based on glutaraldehyde-crosslinked carrageenan. 3rd International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 2012;38:150–4.
31. 31. Suresh S, Gunasekaran S, Srinivasan S. Studies of the molecular geometry, vibrational spectra, frontier molecular orbital, nonlinear optical and thermodynamics properties of aceclofenac by quantum chemical calculations. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014;125:239–51.
32. 32. Deshmukh RK, Naik JB. Aceclofenac microspheres: Quality by design approach. Mater Sci Eng C. 2014;36:320–8.
33. 33. Ghorpade VS, Yadav AV, Dias RJ. Citric acid crosslinked β-cyclodextrin/carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel films for controlled delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Carbohydr Polym 2017;164:339–48.
34. 34. Sannino A, Maffezzoli A, Nicolais L. Introduction of molecular spacers between the crosslinks of a cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogel: Effects on the equilibrium sorption properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2003;90:168–74.
35. 35. Seki Y, Altinisik A, Demircioğlu B, Tetik C. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) based hydrogels: Synthesis and characterization. Cellulose 2014;21:1689–98.
36. 36. Costa P, Sousa Lobo JM. Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001;13:123–33.