Determination of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Surface Water Quality of Filyos River (Turkey) Using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis
Yıl 2020,
, 207 - 214, 31.12.2020
Elif Yağanoğlu
,
Aycan Mutlu Yağanoğlu
,
Gokhan Arslan
,
Adem Yavuz Sönmez
Öz
Monitoring water quality is one of the high priorities for the protection of water resources. Many different approaches are used to analyse and interpret the variables that determine the variance of water quality observed in various sources. Statistical methods, especially multivariate statistical techniques, constitute an important part of these approaches. In this study, ten water quality parameters, which were measured for twelve months from seven stations determined on Filyos River, were evaluated by carrying out principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) from multivariate statistical methods. In addition, dominant quality parameters designating the quality of the water source were determined. According to PCA results, 4 principal components contained the key variables and accounted for 69.49% of total variance of surface water quality from Filyos River. Dominant water quality parameters were observed to be temperature, EC, DO and pH. While the study revealed that the river is exposed to agricultural pollution alongside with the water quality character generated by the climatic conditions, it also suggested that multivariate statistical methods are useful tools in evaluating complex data sets such as water quality data, and monitoring the quality of water resources.
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBİTAK
Proje Numarası
TÜBİTAK 114O145
Teşekkür
This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK Project No: 114O145).
Kaynakça
- Abdelali, K., Taştan, Y. & Sönmez, A. (2018). Investigation of Beyler dam lake water quality in terms of some physical and chemical parameters. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 7(1): 21-27. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.399891
- Adekunle, L., Adetunji, M. & Gbadebo, A. (2007). Assessment of ground water quality in a typical rural settlement in south Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 4(4): 307-318. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph200704040007
- Alam, M. G. M., Tanaka, A., Stagnitti, F., Allinson, G. & Maekawa, T. (2001). Observations on the effects of caged carp culture on water and sediment metal concentrations in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48(1): 107-115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.1989
- American Public Health Association. (APHA) (2012). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, method 9221 B.
- Atea, E., Kadak, A. E. & Sönmez, A. Y. (2017). Germeçtepe Baraj Gölünün (Kastamonu-Daday) Bazı Fizikokimyasal Su Kalite Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi. Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1): 55-68.
- Boyacıoğlu, H., Boyacıoğlu, H. & Gündüz, O. (2005). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of surface water quality in Buyuk Menderes River Basin. European Water, 9/10: 43–49.
- Cieszynska, M., Wesolowski, M., Bartoszewicz, M., Michalska, M. & Nowacki, J. (2012). Application of physicochemical data for water-quality assessment of watercourses in the Gdansk Municipality (South Baltic coast). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 2017–2029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2096-5
- González, S. O., Almeida, C. A., Calderón, M., Mallea, M. A. & González, P. (2014). Assessment of the water self-purification capacity on a river affected by organic pollution: application of chemometrics in spatial and temporal variations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(18): 10583-10593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3098-y
- Hamed, M. (2019). Application of surface water quality classification models using principal components analysis and cluster analysis. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering, 8(1): 1000231. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9768.1000231
- Kaufman L. & Rousseeuw P. J. (1990). Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USA. 342p.
- Kilic, E. & Yucel, N. (2019). Determination of spatial and temporal changes in water quality at Asi River using multivariate statistical techniques. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(9): 727-737. http://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v19_9_02.
- Kim, J. O. & Mueller, C. W. (1987). Introduction to factor analysis: What it is and how to do it. Quantitative applications in the social sciences series. California, USA, Sage Publications, 81 pp.
- Kucukali, S. (2008). Forecasting the river discharge, thermal and sediment load characteristics: A case study for Filyos River. Proceedings of the 15th River Flow Conference, 3: 1975-1981.
- Kucukali, S. (2014). Environmental risk assessment of small hydropower (SHP) plants: A case study for Tefen SHP plant on Filyos River. Energy for Sustainable Development, 19: 102-110. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.esd.2013.12.010.
- Kükrer, S. & Mutlu, E. (2019). Assessment of surface water quality using water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses in Saraydüzü Dam Lake, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 191: 71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7197-6
- Kuo, Y., Yang, T. & Huang, G. W. (2008). The use of grey relational analysis in solving multiple attribute decision-making problems. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 55: 80-93.
- Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H. & Kuo, Y. M. (2003). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 313(1): 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0048-9697(02)00683-6
- McKenna, J. E. (2003). An enhanced cluster analysis program with bootstrap significance testing for ecological community analysis. Environmental Modelling and Software, 18(3): 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1364-8152(02)00094-4
- Mehat, N. M., Kamaruddin, S. & Othman, A. R. (2014). Hybrid integration of taguchi parametric design, grey relational analysis, and principal component analysis optimization for plastic gear production. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2014: 351206. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2014/351206
- Muangthong, S. & Shrestha, S. (2015). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: case study of the Nampong River and Songkhram River, Thailand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(9): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4774-1.
- Otto, M. (1998). Multivariate methods. In: Kellner, R., Mermet, J. M., Otto, M., Widmer, H. M. (Eds.), Analytical Chemistry. Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 916p.
- Özgüler, H. (2001). Meriç Nehri’nde su kalitesi parametreleri arasındaki ilişkilerin ana bileşenler analizi ile belirlenmesi. MSc Thesis. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Panda U. C., Sundaray S. K., Rath P., Nayak B. B. & Bhatta D., Application of factor and cluster analysis for characterization of river and estuarine water systems – A case study: Mahanadi River (India). Journal of Hydrology, 331: 434-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.05.029
- Seker, D. Z., Kaya, S., Musaoglu, N., Kabdasli, S., Yuasa, A. & Duran, Z. (2005). Investigation of meandering in Filyos River by means of satellite sensor data. Hydrological Processes, 19(7): 1497-1508. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5593.
- Shrestha, S. & Kazama, F. (2007). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling and Software, 22(4): 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.02.001
- Simeonov, V, Einax, J. W., Stanimirova, I. & Kraft, J. (2002). Environmetric modeling and interpretation of river water monitoring data. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 374: 898-905.
- Singh, K. P., Malik, A. & Sinha, S. (2005). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti River (India) using multivariate statistical techniques-a casestudy. Analytica Chimica Acta, 538(1): 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006
- Sönmez, A. Y., Hisar, O., Karataş, M., Arslan, G. & Aras, M. S. (2008). Sular Bilgisi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, Turkey.
- Sönmez, A. Y., Kale, S., Ozdemir, R. C. & Kadak, A. E. (2018). An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict of cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the Filyos River, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18(12): 1333-1343. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v18_12_01
- Sönmez, A. Y. & Kale, S. (2020). Climate change effects on annual streamflow of Filyos River (Turkey). Journal of Water and Climate Change, 11(2): 420–433. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.060
- Ustaoğlu, F. & Tepe, Y. (2018). Water quality and sediment contamination assessment of Pazarsuyu Stream, Turkey using multivariate statistical methods and pollution indicators. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 7(1): 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.iswcr.2018.09.001
- Wang, Y., Wang, P., Bai, Y., Tian, Z., Li, J., Shao, X. & Li, B. L. (2013). Assessment of surface water quality via multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Songhua River Harbin region, China. Journal of Hydro-Environment Research, 7(1): 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2012.10.003
- Wu, J. Y. (2005). Assessing surface water quality of the Yangtze Estuary with genotoxicity data. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(12): 1661-1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.07.001.
- Yang, H. J., Shen, Z. M., Zhang, J. P. & Wang, W. H. (2007). Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River (China). Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19(10): 1193-1198.
- Zeng, X. & Rasmussen, T. C. (2005). Multivariate statistical characterization of water quality in Lake Lanier, Georgia, USA. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(6): 1980-1991. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0337
Yıl 2020,
, 207 - 214, 31.12.2020
Elif Yağanoğlu
,
Aycan Mutlu Yağanoğlu
,
Gokhan Arslan
,
Adem Yavuz Sönmez
Proje Numarası
TÜBİTAK 114O145
Kaynakça
- Abdelali, K., Taştan, Y. & Sönmez, A. (2018). Investigation of Beyler dam lake water quality in terms of some physical and chemical parameters. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 7(1): 21-27. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.399891
- Adekunle, L., Adetunji, M. & Gbadebo, A. (2007). Assessment of ground water quality in a typical rural settlement in south Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 4(4): 307-318. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph200704040007
- Alam, M. G. M., Tanaka, A., Stagnitti, F., Allinson, G. & Maekawa, T. (2001). Observations on the effects of caged carp culture on water and sediment metal concentrations in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48(1): 107-115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.1989
- American Public Health Association. (APHA) (2012). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, method 9221 B.
- Atea, E., Kadak, A. E. & Sönmez, A. Y. (2017). Germeçtepe Baraj Gölünün (Kastamonu-Daday) Bazı Fizikokimyasal Su Kalite Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi. Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1): 55-68.
- Boyacıoğlu, H., Boyacıoğlu, H. & Gündüz, O. (2005). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of surface water quality in Buyuk Menderes River Basin. European Water, 9/10: 43–49.
- Cieszynska, M., Wesolowski, M., Bartoszewicz, M., Michalska, M. & Nowacki, J. (2012). Application of physicochemical data for water-quality assessment of watercourses in the Gdansk Municipality (South Baltic coast). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 2017–2029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2096-5
- González, S. O., Almeida, C. A., Calderón, M., Mallea, M. A. & González, P. (2014). Assessment of the water self-purification capacity on a river affected by organic pollution: application of chemometrics in spatial and temporal variations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(18): 10583-10593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3098-y
- Hamed, M. (2019). Application of surface water quality classification models using principal components analysis and cluster analysis. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering, 8(1): 1000231. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9768.1000231
- Kaufman L. & Rousseeuw P. J. (1990). Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USA. 342p.
- Kilic, E. & Yucel, N. (2019). Determination of spatial and temporal changes in water quality at Asi River using multivariate statistical techniques. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(9): 727-737. http://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v19_9_02.
- Kim, J. O. & Mueller, C. W. (1987). Introduction to factor analysis: What it is and how to do it. Quantitative applications in the social sciences series. California, USA, Sage Publications, 81 pp.
- Kucukali, S. (2008). Forecasting the river discharge, thermal and sediment load characteristics: A case study for Filyos River. Proceedings of the 15th River Flow Conference, 3: 1975-1981.
- Kucukali, S. (2014). Environmental risk assessment of small hydropower (SHP) plants: A case study for Tefen SHP plant on Filyos River. Energy for Sustainable Development, 19: 102-110. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.esd.2013.12.010.
- Kükrer, S. & Mutlu, E. (2019). Assessment of surface water quality using water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses in Saraydüzü Dam Lake, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 191: 71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7197-6
- Kuo, Y., Yang, T. & Huang, G. W. (2008). The use of grey relational analysis in solving multiple attribute decision-making problems. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 55: 80-93.
- Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H. & Kuo, Y. M. (2003). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 313(1): 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0048-9697(02)00683-6
- McKenna, J. E. (2003). An enhanced cluster analysis program with bootstrap significance testing for ecological community analysis. Environmental Modelling and Software, 18(3): 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1364-8152(02)00094-4
- Mehat, N. M., Kamaruddin, S. & Othman, A. R. (2014). Hybrid integration of taguchi parametric design, grey relational analysis, and principal component analysis optimization for plastic gear production. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2014: 351206. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2014/351206
- Muangthong, S. & Shrestha, S. (2015). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: case study of the Nampong River and Songkhram River, Thailand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(9): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4774-1.
- Otto, M. (1998). Multivariate methods. In: Kellner, R., Mermet, J. M., Otto, M., Widmer, H. M. (Eds.), Analytical Chemistry. Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 916p.
- Özgüler, H. (2001). Meriç Nehri’nde su kalitesi parametreleri arasındaki ilişkilerin ana bileşenler analizi ile belirlenmesi. MSc Thesis. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Panda U. C., Sundaray S. K., Rath P., Nayak B. B. & Bhatta D., Application of factor and cluster analysis for characterization of river and estuarine water systems – A case study: Mahanadi River (India). Journal of Hydrology, 331: 434-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.05.029
- Seker, D. Z., Kaya, S., Musaoglu, N., Kabdasli, S., Yuasa, A. & Duran, Z. (2005). Investigation of meandering in Filyos River by means of satellite sensor data. Hydrological Processes, 19(7): 1497-1508. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5593.
- Shrestha, S. & Kazama, F. (2007). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling and Software, 22(4): 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.02.001
- Simeonov, V, Einax, J. W., Stanimirova, I. & Kraft, J. (2002). Environmetric modeling and interpretation of river water monitoring data. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 374: 898-905.
- Singh, K. P., Malik, A. & Sinha, S. (2005). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti River (India) using multivariate statistical techniques-a casestudy. Analytica Chimica Acta, 538(1): 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006
- Sönmez, A. Y., Hisar, O., Karataş, M., Arslan, G. & Aras, M. S. (2008). Sular Bilgisi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, Turkey.
- Sönmez, A. Y., Kale, S., Ozdemir, R. C. & Kadak, A. E. (2018). An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict of cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the Filyos River, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18(12): 1333-1343. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v18_12_01
- Sönmez, A. Y. & Kale, S. (2020). Climate change effects on annual streamflow of Filyos River (Turkey). Journal of Water and Climate Change, 11(2): 420–433. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.060
- Ustaoğlu, F. & Tepe, Y. (2018). Water quality and sediment contamination assessment of Pazarsuyu Stream, Turkey using multivariate statistical methods and pollution indicators. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 7(1): 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.iswcr.2018.09.001
- Wang, Y., Wang, P., Bai, Y., Tian, Z., Li, J., Shao, X. & Li, B. L. (2013). Assessment of surface water quality via multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Songhua River Harbin region, China. Journal of Hydro-Environment Research, 7(1): 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2012.10.003
- Wu, J. Y. (2005). Assessing surface water quality of the Yangtze Estuary with genotoxicity data. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(12): 1661-1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.07.001.
- Yang, H. J., Shen, Z. M., Zhang, J. P. & Wang, W. H. (2007). Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River (China). Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19(10): 1193-1198.
- Zeng, X. & Rasmussen, T. C. (2005). Multivariate statistical characterization of water quality in Lake Lanier, Georgia, USA. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(6): 1980-1991. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0337