Araştırma Makalesi
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Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 501 - 514, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1195335

Öz

This study aims to examine the nutritional composition (amino acid and fatty acid) and fillet color of commercially produced cultured fish of the Black Sea. All fish species [(sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (Sparus aurata), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), and large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)] were collected from the Black Sea’s aquaculture sites in 2020. Total amino acid values of fillets were listed as sea bream>turbot>large rainbow trout>sea bass fillet. The highest omega-3/omega-6 ratio was in turbot fillets, and the highest omega-6/omega-3 ratio was in sea bass and sea bream fillets (p<0.05). Consequently, it was concluded that the fish cultured from the Black Sea have excellent nutritional values, including high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and appropriate amounts of essential amino acids and the cultured fish in the Black Sea are of good quality, nutritious and beneficial for human consumption.

Destekleyen Kurum

Sagun Su Ürünleri AŞ, Kızılırmak Su ürünleri AŞ ve Su Ürünleri Merkez ARaştırma Enstitüsünden balık ve yem örnekleri alınmıştır. herhangi bir maddi destek yoktur.

Teşekkür

I thank Sagun Aquaculture Company (in Sinop), Kızılırmak Aquaculture Company (in Samsun), and Central Fisheries Research Institute-SUMAE (in Trabzon) for providing the experimental fish and feed samples.

Kaynakça

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  • Baki, B., Gönener, S., & Kaya, D. (2015). Comparison of food, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of wild and cultivated sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(1), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_1_19
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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 501 - 514, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1195335

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Anonymous. (2021). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Agricultural Economic and Policy Development Institute. Retrieved on: July 20, 2021, from https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasalar%C4%B1/2021-Ocak%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Raporu/Su%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri,%20Ocak-2021,%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasa.pdf
  • AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis (16th ed.). Washington DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
  • Arakawa, K., & Sagai, M. (1986). Species differences in lipid peroxide levels in lung tissue and investigation of their determining factors. Lipids, 21(12), 769-775. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02535410
  • Aydin, I. (2021). The effect of ploidy on growth and feeding pattern of diploid and triploid turbot Scophthalmus maximus under communal rearing condition. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21(6), 275-281. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v21_6_02
  • Baki, B., Gönener, S., & Kaya, D. (2015). Comparison of food, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of wild and cultivated sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(1), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_1_19
  • Benedito-Palos, L., Navarro, J. C., Bermejo-Nogales, A., Saera-Vila, A., Kaushik, S., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2009). The time course of fish oil wash-out follows a simple dilution model in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) fed graded levels of vegetable oils. Aquaculture, 288(1-2), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.11.010
  • Bergleiter, S. (2012). Sustainable fish consumption Is the recommendation of the DGE for fish consumption in sustainability terms acceptable?. Ernahrungs Umschau, 59(5), 282-285.
  • Bogard, J. R., Thilsted, S. H., Marks, G. C., Wahab, M. A., Hossain, M. A., Jakobsen, J., & Stangoulis, J. (2015). Nutrient composition of important fish species in Bangladesh and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 42, 120-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.002
  • Chen, J., & Liu, H. (2020). Nutritional indices for assessing fatty acids: A mini-review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16), 5695. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165695
  • Cheng, J. H., Sun, D. W., Zeng, X. A., & Liu, D. (2015). Recent advances in methods and techniques for freshness quality determination and evaluation of fish and fish fillets: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55(7), 1012-1225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.769934
  • Cieślik, I., Migdał, W., Topolska, K., Mickowska, B., & Cieślik, E. (2018). Changes of amino acid and fatty acid profile in freshwater fish after smoking. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 42(1), e13357. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13357
  • Colombo, S. M., & Mazal, X. (2020). Investigation of the nutritional composition of different types of salmon available to Canadian consumers. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2, 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100056
  • Comi, G., Galeotti, M., Iacumin, L., Krešić, G., Pleadin, J., Vahčić, N., Tibaldi, E., Zrnčić, S. (2022). Manual of european sea bass and gilthead sea bream safety, quality and health benefits “AdriAquaNet – Enhancing Innovation and Sustainability İn Adriatic Aquaculture Project”. Croatian Veterinary Institute.
  • Davidson, J. W., Kenney, P. B., Manor, M., Good, C. M., Weber, G. M., Aussanasuwannakul, A., Turk, P. J., Welsch, C., & Summerfelt, S. T. (2014). Growth performance, fillet quality, and reproductive maturity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured to 5 kilograms within freshwater recirculating systems. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 5(4), 1000238. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000238
  • EFSA. (2009). Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from European Commission related to labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The EFSA Journal, 1176, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1176
  • Elmore, J. S., Mottram, D. S., Enser, M., & Wood, J. D. (1999). Effect of the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of beef muscle on the profile of aroma volatiles. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(4), 1619-1625. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980718m
  • FAO/WHO. (1973). Nutrition Meeting Report Series 52.
  • FAO. (2018). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 - meeting the sustainable development. goals. FAO.
  • FAO. (2021). Fishery and aquaculture statistics year book 2019. FAO.
  • FAO. (2022). Aquaculture market in the Black Sea: country profiles. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8551en
  • Forouhi, N. G., Misra, A., Mohan, V., Taylor, R., & Yancy, W. (2018). Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. BMJ, 361, k2234. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2234
  • Fuentes, A., Fernández-Segovia, I., Serra, J. A., & Barat, J. M. (2010). Comparison of wild and cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) quality. Food Chemistry, 119(4), 1514-1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.036
  • Francis, D. S., Turchini, G. M., Jones, P. L., & De Silva, S. S. (2007a). Growth performance, feed efficiency and fatty acid composition of juvenile Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii, fed graded levels of canola and linseed oil. Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(5), 335-350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00480.x
  • Francis, D. S., Turchini, G. M., Jones, P. L., & De Silva, S. S. (2007). Dietary lipid source modulates in vivo fatty acid metabolism in the freshwater fish, Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(4), 1582-1591. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062153x
  • Gawędzki, J. (1997). Białka wżywności iżywieniu. Wyd. Akademii Rolniczejw Poznaniu. Poznań.
  • Grigorakis, K. (2007). Compositional and organoleptic quality of farmed and wild gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and factors affecting it: A review. Aquaculture, 272(1-4), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.062
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  • Hernández, M. D., López, M. B., Álvarez, A., Ferrandini, E., García, B. G., & Garrido, M. D. (2009). Sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological changes in aquacultured meagre (Argyrosomus regius) fillets during ice storage. Food Chemistry, 114(1), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.045
  • Hornstra, G. (1999). Lipids in functional foods in relation to cardiovascular disease. Lipid/Fett, 101(12), 456-466. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4133(199912)101:12%3C456::AID-LIPI456%3E3.0.CO;2-L
  • Jobling, M. (2003). The thermal growth coefficient (TGC) model of fish growth: a cautionary note. Aquaculture Research, 34(7), 581-584. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00859.x
  • Kaushik, S. J. (1998). Whole body amino acid composition of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and turbot (Psetta maxima) with an estimation of their IAA requirement profiles. Aquatic Living Resources, 11(5), 355-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(98)80007-7
  • Kaya Öztürk, D., Baki, B., Öztürk, R., Karayücel, S., & Uzun Gören, G. (2019). Determination of growth performance, meat quality and colour attributes of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the southern Black Sea coasts of Turkey. Aquaculture Research, 50(12), 3763-3775. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14339
  • Kaya Öztürk, D., Öztürk, R., Baki, B., Karayücel, İ., & Karayücel, S. (2020). Monthly variation of growth, biochemical composition, fatty and amino acids patterns of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in offshore cage systems under brackish water conditions in the Black Sea. Aquaculture Research, 51(12), 4961-4983. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14833
  • Khalili Tilami, S. K., Sampels, S., Zajíc, T., Krejsa, J., Másílko, J., & Mráz, J. (2018). Nutritional value of several commercially important river fish species from the Czech Republic. PeerJ, 6, e5729. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5729
  • Lerfall, J., Hasli, P. R., Skare, E. F., Olsen, R. E., Rotabakk, B. T., Roth, B., Slinde, E., & Egelandsdal, B. (2017). A comparative study of diploid versus triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The effects of rearing temperatures (5, 10 and 15°C) on raw material characteristics and storage quality. Food Chemistry, 225, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.012
  • Le Plénier, S., Walrand, S., Noirt, R., Cynober, L., & Moinard, C. (2012). Effects of leucine and citrulline versus non-essential amino acids on muscle protein synthesis in fasted rat: a common activation pathway? Amino acids, 43(3), 1171-1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1172-z
  • Li, P., Mai, K., Trushenski, J., & Wu, G. (2009). New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds. Amino Acids, 37(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0171-1
  • Malcorps, W., Newton, R. W., Sprague, M., Glencross, B. D., & Little, D. C. (2021). Nutritional assessment of European aquaculture processing by-products to facilitate strategic utilisation. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 720595. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.720595
  • Manthey-Karl, M., Lehmann, I., Ostermeyer, U., & Schröder, U. (2016). Natural chemical composition of commercial fish species: Characterisation of pangasius, wild and farmed turbot and barramundi. Foods, 5(3), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5030058
  • Marty-Mahé, P., Loisel, P., Fauconneau, B., Haffray, P., Brossard, D., & Davenel, A. (2004). Quality traits of brown trouts (Salmo trutta) cutlets described by automated color image analysis. Aquaculture, 232(1-4), 225-240.
  • Marangoni, F., Agostoni, C., Borghi, C., Catapano, A. L., Cena, H., Ghiselli, A., La Vecchia, C., Lercker, G., Manzato, E., Pirillo, A., Riccardi, G., Risé, P., Visioli, F., & Poli, A. (2020). Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects. Atherosclerosis, 292, 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.018
  • Maslova, O. N. (2002). Problems and achievements in seed production of the Black Sea turbot in Russia. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2(1), 23-27.
  • Mozaffarian, D., & Wu, J. H. (2011). Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58(20), 2047-2067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.063
  • Owatari, M. S., da Silva, L. R., Ferreira, G. B., Rodhermel, J. C. B., de Andrade, J. I. A., Dartora, A., & Jatobá, A. (2022). Body yield, growth performance, and haematological evaluation of Nile tilapia fed a diet supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 293, 115453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115453
  • Peres, H., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2008). Lysine requirement and efficiency of lysine utilization in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) juveniles. Aquaculture, 275(1-4), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.12.015
  • Petrovic, M., Kresic, G., Zrncic, S., Oraic, D., Dzafic, N., & Pleadin, J. (2015). Influence of season and farming location on the quality parameters of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata). Italian Journal of Food Science, 27(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.14674/1120-1770/ijfs.v181
  • Pettersson, A., Pickova, J., & Brännäs, E. (2010). Swimming performance at different temperatures and fatty acid composition of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) fed palm and rapeseed oils. Aquaculture, 300(1-4), 176-181.
  • Pleadin, J., Lesic, T., Kresic, G., Baric, R., Bogdanovic, T., Oraic, D., Vulic, A., Legac, A., & Zrncic, S. (2017). Nutritional quality of different fish species farmed in the Adriatic Sea. Italian Journal of Food Science, 29(3), 537-549. https://doi.org/10.14674/IJFS-706
  • Poontawee, K., Werner, C., Müller‐Belecke, A., Hörstgen‐Schwark, G., & Wicke, M. (2007). Flesh qualities and muscle fiber characteristics in triploid and diploid rainbow trout. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23(3), 273-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00843.x
  • Regost, C., Arzel, J., Cardinal, M., Laroche, M., & Kaushik, S. J. (2001). Fat deposition and flesh quality in seawater reared, triploid brown trout (Salmo trutta) as affected by dietary fat levels and starvation. Aquaculture, 193(3-4), 325-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00498-1
  • Santos-Silva, J., Bessa, R. J. B., & Santos-Silva, F. (2002). Effect of genotype, feeding system and slaughter weight on the quality of light lambs: II. Fatty acid composition of meat. Livestock Production Science, 77(2-3), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00059-3
  • Sargent, J. R. (1997). Fish oils and human diet. British Journal of Nutrition, 78(Suppl 1), S5-S13. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970131
  • Sérot, T., Gandemer, G., & Demaimay, M. (1998). Lipid and fatty acid compositions of muscle from farmed and wild adult turbot. Aquaculture International, 6(5), 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009284905854
  • Shrestha, N., Sleep, S. L., Cuffe, J. S., Holland, O. J., Perkins, A. V., Yau, S. Y., McAinch, A. J., & Hryciw, D. H. (2020). Role of Omega‐6 and Omega‐3 fatty acids in fetal programming. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 47(5), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13244
  • Simopoulos, A. P. (2002). The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 56(8), 365-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00253-6
  • Strobel, C., Jahreis, G., & Kuhnt, K. (2012). Survey of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-11-144
  • Tacon, A. G., & Metian, M. (2013). Fish matters: Importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 21(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2012.753405
  • Tacon, A. G., Lemos, D., & Metian, M. (2020). Fish for health: improved nutritional quality of cultured fish for human consumption. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 28(4), 449-458. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1762163
  • Tarricone, S., Caputi Jambrenghi, A., Cagnetta, P., & Ragni, M. (2022). Wild and Farmed Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Comparison of Biometry Traits, Chemical and Fatty Acid Composition of Fillets. Fishes, 7(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010045
  • Testi, S., Bonaldo, A., Gatta, P. P., & Badiani, A. (2006). Nutritional traits of dorsal and ventral fillets from three farmed fish species. Food Chemistry, 98(1), 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.053
  • The American Heart Association. (2022). Eating fish twice a week reduces heart, stroke risk. Retrieved on August 11, 2022, from https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/05/25/eating-fish-twice-a-week-reduces-heart-stroke-risk
  • Tonial, I. B., Oliveira, D. F., Coelho, A. R., Matsushita, M., Coró, F. A. G., De Souza, N. E., & Visentainer, J. V. (2014). Quantification of essential fatty acids and assessment of the nutritional quality indexes of lipids in tilapia alevins and juvenile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Food Research, 3(3), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v3n3p105
  • Ulbricht, T. L. V., & Southgate, D. A. T. (1991). Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. The Lancet, 338(8773), 985-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91846-m
  • US Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2018). Composition of Foods: raw, processed, prepared. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Legacy April 2018, slightly revised July 2018. Retrieved on July 10, 2021, from http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata
  • VKM (Vitenskapskomiteen). (2014). Benefit-risk assessment of fish and fish products in the Norwegian diet – an update. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee. VKM Report 15.
  • Wang, X., & Han, Y. (2017). Comparison of the proximate composition, amino acid composition and growth-related muscle gene expression in diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscles. Journal of Elementology, 22(4), 1179-1191. https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2017.22.1.1342
  • World Health Organization. (2003). Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (Vol. 916). World Health Organization.
  • Wu, G. (2009). Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids, 37(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0
  • Yildiz, M., & Ofori-Mensah, S. (2017). The effects of different commercial feeds and seasonal variation on fillet amino acid profile of sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(6), 1297-1307. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v17_6_23
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği, Balıkçılık Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Dilara Kaya Öztürk 0000-0003-2505-231X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ekim 2022
Kabul Tarihi 22 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya Öztürk, D. (2022). Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 11(4), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1195335
AMA Kaya Öztürk D. Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. Aralık 2022;11(4):501-514. doi:10.33714/masteb.1195335
Chicago Kaya Öztürk, Dilara. “Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 11, sy. 4 (Aralık 2022): 501-14. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1195335.
EndNote Kaya Öztürk D (01 Aralık 2022) Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 11 4 501–514.
IEEE D. Kaya Öztürk, “Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors”, Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull., c. 11, sy. 4, ss. 501–514, 2022, doi: 10.33714/masteb.1195335.
ISNAD Kaya Öztürk, Dilara. “Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 11/4 (Aralık 2022), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1195335.
JAMA Kaya Öztürk D. Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2022;11:501–514.
MLA Kaya Öztürk, Dilara. “Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, c. 11, sy. 4, 2022, ss. 501-14, doi:10.33714/masteb.1195335.
Vancouver Kaya Öztürk D. Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2022;11(4):501-14.

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