Effect of different natural habitats on the variation in essential oil components of Origanum onites L.

Abstract

Origanum onites L., which is native to the Mediterranean region, is among one of the economically significant medicinal and aromatic plants that are not only gathered in the wild, but also cultivated in our country. The purpose of this study was to determine how the region in which Origanum onites grows affects the amount of essential oil and essential oil components in the plant's flowers and leaves. In this context, the effect of the plant's growing location on the essential oil content and essential oil components of the flowers and leaves of the Origanum onites, which grows naturally between 0-100 m in the Serik-Aksu, Demre, and Kaş regions of Antalya, was investigated together with the soil properties. The essential oils were extracted from the plant samples' leaves and flowers using the hydrodistillation method. The analysis of essential oils was done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems. Soil samples were analyzed for their pH, EC, CaCO3, texture, organic matter, total N, available P, and K values. The organic matter and exchangeable potassium contents of the soils, as well as the content of essential oil in the flowers and leaves of the plants, were found to increase gradually towards the west of Antalya. It has been demonstrated that the amounts of essential oil components of the plants varied depending on the region in each of the three different study locations.

Keywords

• Oregano
• Essential oil
• Location
• Flower
• Leaf

References

1. Arabaci T, Çelen S, Özcan T, Martin E, Yazici T, Açar M, Üzel D, Dirmenci T (2020) Homoploid hybrids of Origanum (Lamiaceae) in Turkey: morphological and molecular evidence for a new hybrid. Plant Biosystems. An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 155(3): 470-482. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2020.1762777.
2. Aydın S, Öztürk Y, Beis R, Başer KHC (1996) Investigation of Origanum onites, Sideritis congesta and Satureja cuneifolia essential oils for analgesic activity. Phytotherapy Research 10(4): 342-344. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199606)10:4<342:AID-PTR832>3.0.CO;2-W.
3. Aykac A, Becer E, Özbeyli D, Şener G, Başer KHC (2020) Protective effects of Origanum onites essential oil in the methotrexate-induced rat model: Role on apoptosis and hepatoxicity. Records of Natural Products 14(6): 395-404. doi: 10.25135/rnp.186.20.04.1631.
4. Ayvaz A, Sagdic O, Karaborklu S, Ozturk I (2010) Insecticidal activity of the essential oils from different plants against three stored-product insects. Journal of Insect Science 10(1): 1-13. doi: 10.1673/031.010.2101.
5. Black CA (1957) Soil-Plant Relationships. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Newyork.
6. Black CA (1965) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2, Amer. Society of Agronomy Inc., Publisher Madisson, Wilconsin, U.S.A., pp. 1372-1376.
7. Can M, Katar N, Katar D (2021) Ontogenetik ve diurnal varyabilitenin İzmir Kekiği (Origanum onites L.)'nin uçucu yağ içeriği ve kompozisyonuna etkisi. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Bursa Uludag University 35(1): 1-12.
8. Copur G, Arslan M, Duru M, Baylan M, Canogullari S, Aksan E (2010) Use of oregano (Origanum onites L.) essential oil as hatching egg disinfectant. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(17): 2531-2538.

9. Çağlar KO (1949) Toprak Bilgisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 10.
10. Demirci F, Paper DH, Franz G, Baser KHC (2004) Investigation of the Origanum onites L. essential oil using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52(2): 251. doi: 10.1021/jf034850k.
11. Efendi D, Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Agusta A (2021) Relationship among Agroclimatic Variables, Soil and Leaves Nutrient Status with the Yield and Main Composition of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC) Leaves Essential Oil. Metabolites 11(5): 260. doi: 10.3390/ metabo11050260.
12. Evliya H (1964) Kültür Bitkilerinin Beslenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 36: 292-294.
13. Jackson MC (1967) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private’Limited, New Delhi.
14. Kacar B (1995) Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal analizler: III. Toprak Analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları 3.
15. Kacar B, İnal A (2010) Bitki Analizleri. Nobel Yayınları 1241: 63.
16. Kaçar O, Göksu E, Azkan N (2006) İzmir Kekiğinde (Origanum onites L.) farklı sıklıkların bazı agronomik ve kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20(2): 51-60.
17. Karamanos AJ, Sotiropoulou DEK (2013) Field studies of nitrogen application on Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) essential oil during two cultivation seasons. Industrial Crops and Products 46: 246-252. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.01.021.
18. Katar N, Katar D (2020) Eskişehir ekolojik koşullarında farklı hasat dönemlerinin İzmir Kekiği (Origanum onites L.)'nin uçucu yağ oranı ve bileşenleri üzerine etkisi. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER) 1(2): 441-451. doi: 10.46592/turkager.2020.v01i02.017.
19. Kellog CE (1952) Our Garden Soils. The Macmillan Company, Newyork.
20. Kpoviessi S, Agbani P, Gbaguidi F, Gbenou J, Sinsin BA, Accrombessi G, Bero J, Moudachirou M, Quetin-Leclercq J (2016) Seasonal variations of volatile constituents of Hemizygia bracteosa (Benth.) Briq. aerial parts from Benin. Comptes Rendus Chimie 19(7): 890-894.
21. Loue A (1968) Diagnostic petiolaire de prospection etudes sur la nutrition et al. fertilisation potassiques de la vigne. Societe Commerciale des Potasses d’ Alsace. Services Agronomiques pp. 31-41.
22. Masoudi Shiva (2018) Volatile Constituents from Different Parts of Three Lamiacea Herbs from Iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 17(1): 365-376.
23. Mehalaine S, Chenchouni H (2021) Quantifying how climatic factors influence essential oil yield İn wild-growing plants. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14: 1257. doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-07582-6 /.
24. Olsen SR, Sommers EL (1982) Phosporus soluble in sodium bicarbonate, In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Edit: A.L. Page, Miller PH, Keeney DR, pp. 404-430.
25. Ozdemir N, Ozgen Y, Kiralan M, Bayrak A, Arslan N, Ramadan MF (2018) Effect of different drying methods on the essential oil yield, composition and antioxidant activity of Origanum Vulgare L. and Origanum Onites L. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 12: 820-825. doi: 10.1007/s11694-017-9696-x.
26. Ozer Z, Kilic T, Selvi S, Pasa C (2018) Effect of Different Drying Methods and Development Stages on the Essential Oil Chemical Composition of Aerial Parts of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (link) Letsw. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 21(5): 1403-1409.
27. Öner KE, Sonkaya M (2020) Identification of ontogenetic and diurnal variability in oregano (Origanum onites L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48(3): 1185-1193. doi: 10.15835/nbha48311842.
28. Özer Z (2020) Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of leaf and flower essential oils of origanum onites l.(lamiaceae) growing in mount ida-Turkey. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society 7(3): 813-820. doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.780334.
29. Pizer NH (1967) Some advisory aspect soil potassium and magnesium. Tech. Bull 14: 184.
30. Soil Survey Staff (1951) Soil Survey Manuel. Agricultural Research Administration, U.S Depth. Agriculture, Handbook 18.
31. Spyridopoulou K, Fitsiou E, Bouloukosta E, Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Vamvakias M, Oreopoulou A, Papavassilopoulou E, Pappa A, Chlichlia K (2019) Extraction, chemical composition, and anticancer potential of Origanum onites L. essential oil. Molecules 24(14): 2612. doi: 10.3390/molecules24142612.
32. Tepe B, Cakir A, Tepe AS (2016) Medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Origanum onites (L.): A Review. Chemistry & Biodiversity 13(5): 504-520.
33. Thun R, Hermann R, Knickman E (1955) Die Untersuchung Von Boden. Neuman Verlag, radelberg und Berlin, pp: 48-48.
34. Tonk FA, Yüce S, Bayram E, Giachino RRA, Sönmez Ç, Telci İ, Furan MA (2010) Chemical and genetic variability of selected Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) clones. Plant Systematics and Evolution 288: 157-165. doi: 10.1007/s00606-010-0320-3.
35. TRGM (2020) Kekik Fizibilite Raporu ve Yatırımcı Rehberi. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Bitkisel Üretim Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
36. TSE (1991) Baharat, Çeşni Veren ve Tıbbi Bitkiler-Uçucu Yağ Tayini (Türk Standardı TS 8882). Türk Standartları Enstitüsü Yayınları, Ankara.
37. TUIK (2022) Crop Production Statistics of Spice Plants. Turkish Statistical Institue Database. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1.
38. Vanti G, Tomou EM, Stojkovi´c, D, Ciri´c A, Bilia AR, Skaltsa H (2021) Nanovesicles loaded with Origanum onites and Satureja thymbra essential oils and their activity against food-borne pathogens and S-spoilage microorganisms. Molecules 26: 2124. doi: 10.3390/molecules26082124.
39. Werker E, Putievsky E, Ravid U (1985) The essential oils and glandular hairs in different chemotypes of Origanum vulgare L. Annals of Botany (UK) 55(6): 793-801.