Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde yayılış gösteren bazı yonca (Medicago sativa) ekotiplerinde populasyon yapısı değerlendirmesi

Abstract

Baklagil yembitkisi olan yonca (Medicago sativa L.), hayvancılık için paha biçilemez bir üründür ve dünya çapında ve Türkiye genelinde yetiştirilmektedir. İlk çeşitlilik bölgelerinin kökeninin Kafkasya, Kuzey İran ve Türkiye’nin Kuzeydoğusu olduğu kabul edilmektedir.  Yonca’nın değişik ekotipleri çok sayıda yetiştirici tarafından kültüre alınarak yetiştirilmekte ya da coğrafi ve iklim koşulları temelinde yabani olarak yetişmektedir. Yonca ekotiplerinin populasyon yapısı ile ilgili olarak alttürler arasındaki genetik yapı temelinde bazı ayrışmalar görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinde yayılış gösteren 4 farklı yonca ekotip populasyonunun 31 SSR markörü kullanılarak populasyon yapısı değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, toplam 16 farklı genotipten oluşan populasyonların 3 alttür (sativa, varia and falcata) şeklinde birbirinden açık bir şekilde ayrıldığını göstermiştir. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın hem daha fazla yonca populasyonunun değerlendirilmesinde hem de bilimsel açıdan kompleks üyelerinin sınıflandırılmasında önemli bir referans olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• SSR markörler,Baklagil,Yem bitkisi,Ekotip,Gen akışı

The evaluation of population structure in some alfalfa (Medicago sativa) ecotypes demonstrating distribution in Eastern Anatolia region

Abstract

The legume forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is invaluable crop useful for animal husbandry and is grown worldwide and country-wide in Turkey. It is approved that origins of the first diversity regions are Caucasian, Northwest of Iranian, North-eastern of Turkey for alfalfa. Various ecotypes of alfalfa either are cultivated by a great number of breeders or grown as wild based on geographic and climatic conditions. With regard to population structure of alfalfa ecotypes, some separations are seen depending on genetic structure among the subspecies. In this study, population structure was evaluated for four different ecotypes tetraploid alfalfa populations demonstrating distribution in Eastern Anatolia Region using 31 SSR markers. Results showed that populations of 16 different genotypes clearly separated each other as three subspecies (sativa, varia and falcata). It is expected that this work will be an important reference both for the evaluation of more alfalfa populations and for the scientific classification of complex members.

Keywords

• Forage,SSR markers,Legume,Ecotype,Gene flow

References

1. Brummer EC, Kochert G, Bouton JH (1991) RFLP variation in diploid and tetraploid alfalfa. Theor. Appl. Genet. 83: 89–96.
2. Diwan N, Bouton JH, Kochert G, Cregan PB (2000) Mapping of simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA markers in diploid and tetraploid alfalfa. Theor. Appl. Genet. 101: 165-172.
3. Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12: 13–15.
4. Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14: 2611–2620.
5. Fischer MC, Rellstab C, Leuzinger M, Roumet M, Gugerli F, Shimizu KK, Holderegger R and Widmer A (2017) Estimating genomic diversity and population differentiation – an empirical comparison of microsatellite and SNP variation in Arabidopsis halleri. BMC Genomics, 18: 69.
6. Hanson AA, Barnes DK, Hill JR (1988) “Alfalfa and Alfalfa Improvement’’, ISBN: 0-89118-094-X, American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
7. Havananda T, Brummer EC, Maureira-Butler IJ, Doyle JJ (2010) Relationships among Diploid Members of the Medicago sativa (Fabaceae) Species Complex Based on Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. Systematic Botany. 35(1): 140-150.
8. İlhan D, Li X, Brummer EC, Sakiroglu M (2016) Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Tetraploid Accessions of the Medicago sativa-falcata Complex. Crop Sci. 56: 1-11.

9. Johnson LB, Palmer JD (1989) Heteroplasmy of chloroplast DNA in Medicago. Plant Molecular Biology. 12: 3-11.
10. Julier B, Flajoulot S, Barre P, Cardinet G, Santoni S, Huguet T, Huyghe C (2003) Construction of two genetic linkage maps in cultivated tetraploit alfalfa (Medicago sativa) using microsatellite and AFLP markers. BMC Plant Biol. 3: 9.
11. Kalo P, Endre G, Zimanyi L, Csanadi G, Kiss GB (2000) Construction of an improved linkage map of diploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Theor. Appl. Genet. 100 (5): 641-657.
12. Mengoni A, Gori A, Bazzicalupo M (2000) Use of RAPD and Microsatellite (SSR) Variation to Assess Genetic Relationships among Populations of Tetraploid Alfalfa, Medicago sativa. Plant Breed. 119: 311-317.
13. Michaud R, Lehman WF, Rumbaugh MD (1988) World distribution and historical development. In A.A. Hanson[ed.], D.K. Barnes and R.R. Hill Jr. [co-eds], Alfalfa and alfalfa improvement, Agronomy monograph 29, 93-124. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of Agronomy, and Soil Science Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
14. Muller MH, Prosperi JM, Santoni S, Ronfort J (2003) Inferences from mitochondrial DNA patterns on the domestication history of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Molecular Ecology, 12: 2187-2199.
15. Peakall R, Smouse PE (2001) GenAlEx V6: genetic analysis in excel population genetic software for teaching and research. Australian National University, Canberra. http://wwwanueduau/BoZo/ GenAlE.
16. Pritchard JK, Stevens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945–959.
17. Quiros CF, Bauchan GR (1988) The Genus Medicago and the Origin of the Medicago sativa Complex, 93-124.
18. Robins JG, Luth D, Campbell TA, Bauchan GR, He C, Viands DR, Hansen JL, Brummer EC (2007) Genetic mapping of biomass production in tetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Crop Sci 47: 1-10.
19. Sakiroglu M, Doyle JJ, Brummer EC (2010) Inferring population structure and genetic diversity of broad range of wild diploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) accessions using SSR Markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 121: 403–415.
20. Sakiroglu M, Kaya MM (2012) Estimating genome size and confirming ploidy levels of wild tetraploid alfalfa accessions (Medicago sativa subsp. varia) using flow cytometry. Turk. J. Field Crop 17: 151–156.
21. Schuelke M (2000) An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments. Nat Biotechnol 18: 233–234.
22. Schumann CM, Hancock JF (1989) Paternal inheritance of plastids in Medicago sativa. Theor. Appl. Genet. 78: 863-866.
23. Segovia-Lerma A, Cantrell RG, Conway JM, Ray IM (2003) AFLP-based assessment of genetic diversity among nine alfalfa germplasms using bulk DNA templates. Genome 46: 51– 58.
24. Sledge MK, Ray IM, Jiang G (2005) An expressed sequence tag SSR map of tetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Theor. Appl. Genet. 111: 980-992.
25. Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed Banks and Molecular Maps: Unlocking Genetic Potential from the Wild. Science, 277(5329): 1063-1066.
26. Vysniauskiene R, Naugzemys D, Patamsyte J, Ranceliene V, Cesniene T, Zvingilva D (2015) ISSR and chloroplast DNA analyses indicate frequent hybridization of alien Medicago sativa subsp. sativa and native M. sativa subsp. falcata. Plant Syst. Evol. 301: 2341–2350.
27. Yu K, Pauls KP (1993) Rapid estimation of genetic relatedness among heterogeneous populations of alfalfa by random amplification of bulked genomic DNA samples. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86: 788–794.