Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 52 - 62, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1628753
https://izlik.org/JA52ZJ47NG

Abstract

Project Number

122N254

References

  • Bowman, D.M., Kolden, C.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., Johnston, F.H., Werf, G.R. & Flannigan M. (2020). Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, pages 500–515. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0085-3
  • Bıçakcı, C., & Yıldız, S. S. (2024). Google Earth Engine ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanarak Orman Yangını Şiddetinin Belirlenmesinde Farklı İndekslerin Karşılaştırılması: 2023 Hatay-Belen Yangını Örneği. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(2), 708-719. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1404480
  • Chuvieco, E. et al. Historical background and current developments for mapping burned area from satellite Earth observation. Remote Sens. Environ. 225, 45–64 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.013
  • dos Santos, S. M. B., Bento-Gonçalves, A., Franca-Rocha, W., & Baptista, G. (2020). Assessment of burned forest area severity and postfire regrowth in Chapada Diamantina National Park (Bahia, Brazil) using dNBR and RdNBR spectral indices. Geosciences, 10(3), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030106
  • Miller, J. D., & Thode, A. E. (2007). Quantifying burn severity in a heterogeneous landscape with a relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR). Remote Sensing of Environment, 109(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.006
  • Van Wagtendonk, J.W.; Root, R.R.; Key, C.H. Comparison of AVIRIS and Landsat ETM+ detection capabilities for burn severity. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 92, 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.12.015
  • TAN Liuxia, ZENG Yongnian, ZHENG Zhong. An adaptability analysis of remote sensing indices in evaluating fire severity[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2016, (2): 84-90. https://doi.org/10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.02.14
  • Han, A., Qing, S., Bao, Y., Na, L., Bao, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, J., & Wang, C. (2021). Short-term effects of fire severity on vegetation based on Sentinel-2 satellite data. Sustainability, 13(1), 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010432
  • Key, C. H., & Benson, N. C. (2006). Landscape assessment (LA). In: Lutes, Duncan C.; Keane, Robert E.; Caratti, John F.; Key, Carl H.; Benson, Nathan C.; Sutherland, Steve; Gangi, Larry J. 2006. FIREMON: Fire effects monitoring and inventory system. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-164-CD. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. LA-1-55, 164. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-164
  • Sinergise Ltd. (n.d.). Sentinel-2 L2A data documentation. Sentinel Hub. Retrieved April 20, 2025, from https://docs.sentinel-hub.com/api/latest/data/sentinel-2-l2a/
  • Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., & Moore, R. (2017). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
  • Baş, N.: Introducing a Learning Tool (QSVI): A QGIS Plugin for Computing Vegetation, Chlorophyll, and Thermal Indices with Remote Sensing Images, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2024-8, in review, 2025.
  • Chen, X., Vogelmann, J. E., Rollins, M., Ohlen, D., Key, C. H., Yang, L., Huang, C., & Shi, H. (2011). Detecting post-fire burn severity and vegetation recovery using multitemporal remote sensing spectral indices and field-collected composite burn index data in a ponderosa pine forest. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32(23), 7905–7927. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.524678
  • Chen, D., Loboda, T. V., & Hall, J. V. (2020). A systematic evaluation of influence of image selection process on remote sensing-based burn severity indices in North American boreal forest and tundra ecosystems. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 159, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.11.011
  • Rouse, J.W., Jr.; Haas, R.H.; Schell, J.A.; Deering, D.W. Monitoring the Vernal Advancement and Retrogradation (Green Wave Effect) of Natural Vegetation; Texas A & M University, Remote Sensing Center: College Station, TX, USA, 1973.
  • Huang, S., Tang, L., Hupy, J. P., Wang, Y., & Shao, G. (2021). A commentary review on the use of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the era of popular remote sensing. Journal of Forestry Research, 32(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01155-1
  • Strashok, O., Ziemiańska, M., & Strashok, V. (2022). Evaluation and correlation of Sentinel-2 NDVI and NDMI in Kyiv (2017–2021). Journal of Ecological Engineering, 23(9), 212–218. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/151884
  • Qi, J., Chehbouni, A., Huete, A. R., Kerr, Y. H., & Sorooshian, S. (1994). A modified soil adjusted vegetation index. Remote Sensing of Environment, 48(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)90134-1
  • Lamaamri, M., Lghabi, N., Ghazi, A., El Harchaoui, N., Adnan, M. S. G., & Islam, M. S. (2023). Evaluation of desertification in the Middle Moulouya Basin (North-East Morocco) using Sentinel-2 images and spectral index techniques. Earth Systems and Environment, 7, 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-022-00327-9
  • Li, Q., Zhang, C., Shen, Y., Jia, W., & Li, J. (2016). Quantitative assessment of the relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification processes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on net primary productivity. CATENA, 147, 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.09.005
  • Rodriguez, P. S., Schwantes, A. M., Gonzalez, A., & Fortin, M.-J. (2024). Monitoring changes in the Enhanced Vegetation Index to inform the management of forests. Remote Sensing, 16(16), 2919. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162919
  • Filipponi, F. (2018). BAIS2: Burned Area Index for Sentinel-2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Electronic Conference on Remote Sensing, 2(7), 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecrs-2-05177
  • Deshpande, M. V., Pillai, D., & Jain, M. (2022). Agricultural burned area detection using an integrated approach utilizing multi spectral instrument based fire and vegetation indices from Sentinel-2 satellite. MethodsX, 9, 101741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101741
  • Alcaras, E., Costantino, D., Guastaferro, F., Parente, C., & Pepe, M. (2022). Normalized Burn Ratio Plus (NBR+): A new index for Sentinel-2 imagery. Remote Sensing, 14(7), 1727. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071727
  • Miura, T., Huete, A. R., Yoshioka, H., & Holben, B. N. (2001). An error and sensitivity analysis of atmospheric resistant vegetation indices derived from dark target‐based atmospheric correction. Remote Sensing of Environment, 78(3), 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00223-1

Beyond dNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 52 - 62, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1628753
https://izlik.org/JA52ZJ47NG

Abstract

Difference Normalised Burn Ratio (dNBR) is used as a reliable reference index since it has accepted thresholds for determining fire severity. However, the use of the dNBR index is limited if pre-fire data cannot be obtained due to weather and other conditions. This situation necessitates the development of alternative indices that are calculated only with post-fire satellite imagery. This study was conducted on forest fires in Mersin, Izmir and Mugla provinces of Turkey while aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative indices to the dNBR index, which is widely used in determining ecosystem damage and fire severity after forest fires. Using Sentinel-2 satellite data operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), the study analysed the performance of the NDVI, NDMI, NBR, MSAVI, EVI and BAIS2 indices calculated using only post-fire data against the dNBR index calculated from pre- and post-fire imagery. The main methods used in this study include data processing and analyses performed on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and comparisons made on the QGIS platform. In this study, the extent to which these alternative indices can be effective in accurately and reliably assessing post-fire ecosystem damage was investigated. The results of the analyses showed that the NBR and BAIS2 indices have the highest accuracy in detecting post-fire ecosystem damage. While both indices produced results close to the dNBR index, MSAVI and EVI were found to be effective in monitoring vegetation changes but insufficient in determining fire severity. In conclusion, BAIS2 and NBR provide strong alternatives to dNBR in analyses based on post-fire data, while the other indices used in the study are considered as complementary tools.

Ethical Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) ARDEB 2549 (NCBR) Grant No: 122N254. The authors declare the utilization of AI-assisted technologies to enhance the readability and linguistic quality of the manuscript.

Project Number

122N254

Thanks

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) ARDEB 2549 (NCBR) Grant No: 122N254. The authors declare the utilization of AI-assisted technologies to enhance the readability and linguistic quality of the manuscript.

References

  • Bowman, D.M., Kolden, C.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., Johnston, F.H., Werf, G.R. & Flannigan M. (2020). Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, pages 500–515. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0085-3
  • Bıçakcı, C., & Yıldız, S. S. (2024). Google Earth Engine ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanarak Orman Yangını Şiddetinin Belirlenmesinde Farklı İndekslerin Karşılaştırılması: 2023 Hatay-Belen Yangını Örneği. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(2), 708-719. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1404480
  • Chuvieco, E. et al. Historical background and current developments for mapping burned area from satellite Earth observation. Remote Sens. Environ. 225, 45–64 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.013
  • dos Santos, S. M. B., Bento-Gonçalves, A., Franca-Rocha, W., & Baptista, G. (2020). Assessment of burned forest area severity and postfire regrowth in Chapada Diamantina National Park (Bahia, Brazil) using dNBR and RdNBR spectral indices. Geosciences, 10(3), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030106
  • Miller, J. D., & Thode, A. E. (2007). Quantifying burn severity in a heterogeneous landscape with a relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR). Remote Sensing of Environment, 109(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.006
  • Van Wagtendonk, J.W.; Root, R.R.; Key, C.H. Comparison of AVIRIS and Landsat ETM+ detection capabilities for burn severity. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 92, 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.12.015
  • TAN Liuxia, ZENG Yongnian, ZHENG Zhong. An adaptability analysis of remote sensing indices in evaluating fire severity[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 2016, (2): 84-90. https://doi.org/10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.02.14
  • Han, A., Qing, S., Bao, Y., Na, L., Bao, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, J., & Wang, C. (2021). Short-term effects of fire severity on vegetation based on Sentinel-2 satellite data. Sustainability, 13(1), 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010432
  • Key, C. H., & Benson, N. C. (2006). Landscape assessment (LA). In: Lutes, Duncan C.; Keane, Robert E.; Caratti, John F.; Key, Carl H.; Benson, Nathan C.; Sutherland, Steve; Gangi, Larry J. 2006. FIREMON: Fire effects monitoring and inventory system. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-164-CD. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. LA-1-55, 164. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-164
  • Sinergise Ltd. (n.d.). Sentinel-2 L2A data documentation. Sentinel Hub. Retrieved April 20, 2025, from https://docs.sentinel-hub.com/api/latest/data/sentinel-2-l2a/
  • Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., & Moore, R. (2017). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
  • Baş, N.: Introducing a Learning Tool (QSVI): A QGIS Plugin for Computing Vegetation, Chlorophyll, and Thermal Indices with Remote Sensing Images, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2024-8, in review, 2025.
  • Chen, X., Vogelmann, J. E., Rollins, M., Ohlen, D., Key, C. H., Yang, L., Huang, C., & Shi, H. (2011). Detecting post-fire burn severity and vegetation recovery using multitemporal remote sensing spectral indices and field-collected composite burn index data in a ponderosa pine forest. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32(23), 7905–7927. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.524678
  • Chen, D., Loboda, T. V., & Hall, J. V. (2020). A systematic evaluation of influence of image selection process on remote sensing-based burn severity indices in North American boreal forest and tundra ecosystems. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 159, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.11.011
  • Rouse, J.W., Jr.; Haas, R.H.; Schell, J.A.; Deering, D.W. Monitoring the Vernal Advancement and Retrogradation (Green Wave Effect) of Natural Vegetation; Texas A & M University, Remote Sensing Center: College Station, TX, USA, 1973.
  • Huang, S., Tang, L., Hupy, J. P., Wang, Y., & Shao, G. (2021). A commentary review on the use of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the era of popular remote sensing. Journal of Forestry Research, 32(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01155-1
  • Strashok, O., Ziemiańska, M., & Strashok, V. (2022). Evaluation and correlation of Sentinel-2 NDVI and NDMI in Kyiv (2017–2021). Journal of Ecological Engineering, 23(9), 212–218. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/151884
  • Qi, J., Chehbouni, A., Huete, A. R., Kerr, Y. H., & Sorooshian, S. (1994). A modified soil adjusted vegetation index. Remote Sensing of Environment, 48(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)90134-1
  • Lamaamri, M., Lghabi, N., Ghazi, A., El Harchaoui, N., Adnan, M. S. G., & Islam, M. S. (2023). Evaluation of desertification in the Middle Moulouya Basin (North-East Morocco) using Sentinel-2 images and spectral index techniques. Earth Systems and Environment, 7, 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-022-00327-9
  • Li, Q., Zhang, C., Shen, Y., Jia, W., & Li, J. (2016). Quantitative assessment of the relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification processes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on net primary productivity. CATENA, 147, 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.09.005
  • Rodriguez, P. S., Schwantes, A. M., Gonzalez, A., & Fortin, M.-J. (2024). Monitoring changes in the Enhanced Vegetation Index to inform the management of forests. Remote Sensing, 16(16), 2919. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162919
  • Filipponi, F. (2018). BAIS2: Burned Area Index for Sentinel-2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Electronic Conference on Remote Sensing, 2(7), 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecrs-2-05177
  • Deshpande, M. V., Pillai, D., & Jain, M. (2022). Agricultural burned area detection using an integrated approach utilizing multi spectral instrument based fire and vegetation indices from Sentinel-2 satellite. MethodsX, 9, 101741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101741
  • Alcaras, E., Costantino, D., Guastaferro, F., Parente, C., & Pepe, M. (2022). Normalized Burn Ratio Plus (NBR+): A new index for Sentinel-2 imagery. Remote Sensing, 14(7), 1727. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071727
  • Miura, T., Huete, A. R., Yoshioka, H., & Holben, B. N. (2001). An error and sensitivity analysis of atmospheric resistant vegetation indices derived from dark target‐based atmospheric correction. Remote Sensing of Environment, 78(3), 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00223-1
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zeynep Kiraz 0009-0000-3204-1577

Bahadır Kulavuz 0009-0007-2320-6350

Tolga Bakırman 0000-0001-7828-9666

Bülent Bayram 0000-0002-4248-116X

Project Number 122N254
Submission Date January 28, 2025
Acceptance Date July 1, 2025
Early Pub Date December 16, 2025
Publication Date December 29, 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1628753
IZ https://izlik.org/JA52ZJ47NG
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kiraz, Z., Kulavuz, B., Bakırman, T., & Bayram, B. (2025). Beyond dNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, 7(2), 52-62. https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1628753
AMA 1.Kiraz Z, Kulavuz B, Bakırman T, Bayram B. Beyond dNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal. 2025;7(2):52-62. doi:10.53093/mephoj.1628753
Chicago Kiraz, Zeynep, Bahadır Kulavuz, Tolga Bakırman, and Bülent Bayram. 2025. “Beyond DNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests”. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal 7 (2): 52-62. https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1628753.
EndNote Kiraz Z, Kulavuz B, Bakırman T, Bayram B (December 1, 2025) Beyond dNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal 7 2 52–62.
IEEE [1]Z. Kiraz, B. Kulavuz, T. Bakırman, and B. Bayram, “Beyond dNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests”, Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 52–62, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.53093/mephoj.1628753.
ISNAD Kiraz, Zeynep - Kulavuz, Bahadır - Bakırman, Tolga - Bayram, Bülent. “Beyond DNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests”. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal 7/2 (December 1, 2025): 52-62. https://doi.org/10.53093/mephoj.1628753.
JAMA 1.Kiraz Z, Kulavuz B, Bakırman T, Bayram B. Beyond dNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal. 2025;7:52–62.
MLA Kiraz, Zeynep, et al. “Beyond DNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests”. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 52-62, doi:10.53093/mephoj.1628753.
Vancouver 1.Zeynep Kiraz, Bahadır Kulavuz, Tolga Bakırman, Bülent Bayram. Beyond dNBR: Exploring Alternative Satellite Indices for Post-Fire Damage Assessment in Turkish Forests. Mersin Photogrammetry Journal. 2025 Dec. 1;7(2):52-6. doi:10.53093/mephoj.1628753

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The auhtor(s) retain all copyrights of their articles. However, authors grant the publisher non-exclusive publishing rights to publish the articles.




Archieving Policy (LOCKSS)

The LOCKSS system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this Archival Unit.

The Mersin Photogrammetry Journal is using the LOCKKS archiving system.

The LOCKSS Program, based on the program used at Stanford University Libraries, provides libraries and publishers with award-winning, low-cost, open source digital preservation tools to preserve and provide access to persistent and authoritative digital content.

The LOCKSS Program (https://www.lockss.org/) is an open-source, library-led digital preservation system built on the principle that “lots of copies keep stuff safe.” The LOCKSS Program develops and supports libraries using an open source peer-to-peer digital preservation software.

The LOCKSS system allows librarians to access to the e-content to which they subscribe, restoring the print purchase model with which librarians are familiar.

The Global LOCKSS Network preserves today's e-journals and e-books for tomorrow's readers. The Global LOCKSS Network is a proven preservation approach that uniquely empowers both libraries and publishers. It enhances a library's value by restoring library collections via a locally installed "LOCKSS box", which is essentially a digital bookshelf. The Global LOCKSS Network enhances a publisher's value by preserving the original published artifact, including branding, historical context, and underlying files. It protects the publisher's interest by driving all reader traffic to their web site. The Global LOCKSS Network is administered and managed by the Stanford University Libraries LOCKSS Program. See the LOCKSS Program website for additional information, http://www.lockss.org/lockss/Home.

A detailed explanation of what sets the LOCKSS software apart and how preservation works in the LOCKSS network (e.g. technical infrastructure, security) can be found in the following link: https://www.lockss.org/about/how-it-works/.


Deposit


The articles published in MEPHOJ are stored in Sherpa Romeo.


https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/39638


Complaint Policy

Complaints are welcome as they provide an opportunity for improvement. Responses to complaints should be quick, helpful, and constructive. Please address complaints with a volume number, issue number, paper ID, paper title, and page number.

Mersin Photogrammetry Journal accepts the following complaints:

· Authorship complaints

· Plagiarism complaints

· Multiple, duplicate, and concurrent publications or simultaneous submissions

· Allegations of research errors and fraud

· Research standards violations

· Undisclosed conflicts of interest

· Reviewer bias or competitive/harmful acts by reviewers



Policy for Handling Complaints

If the Journal receives a complaint that any contribution to the Journal infringes intellectual property rights or contains material inaccuracies, libelous materials, or otherwise unlawful materials, the Journal will investigate the complaint. An investigation may include a request that the parties involved substantiate their claims (the Journal will make a good faith determination whether to remove the allegedly wrongful material). A decision not to remove material should represent the Journal's belief that the complaint is without sufficient foundation, or if well‐founded, that a legal defense or exemption may apply. The Journal will document its investigation and decision. We strive to ensure that Mephoj s of the highest quality and is free from errors. However, we accept that occasionally mistakes might happen.



Editorial Complaints Policy

The Managing Editor and staff of Mephoj will make every endeavor to resolve issues as soon as possible in the most appropriate way, offering a right of reply when necessary. We will investigate complaints in a blame-free manner, looking to see how systems can be improved to prevent mistakes occurring.




Guiding Principles

Our general approach to complaints is that they are a rare but inevitable part of a process that involves putting together complex material at great speed. Despite rare mistakes, we will spend effort to treat complaints with urgency. Timely solutions can prevent the escalation of problems. All substantial errors and complaints are referred to senior executives within the editorial staff.

The procedure outlined below aims to be fair to the submitting authors who have complaints as well asthe things they complain about. All complaints will be acknowledged within three working days if by email. If possible, a definitive response will be made within two weeks. If impossible, an interim response will be given within two weeks. Interim responses will be provided until the complaint is resolved. Escalated complaints are sent to the editor.



How to Make a Complaint

Complaints about editorial content should be made as soon as possible after publication, preferably by email to: myakar@mersin.edu.tr




Article Correction Policy




The online, published version of an article is considered the final and complete version. Even though it is possible to correct this version, our policy (in common with other publishers) is not to do so, except in very rare circumstances.

The only typographical errors that can be corrected are: author names, affiliations, article titles, abstracts, and keywords. In such cases, an erratum or corrigendum would be necessary as well (see below) so that there is a record of the difference between the online and print versions.

We can publish a correction to your article if there is a serious error, for example with regard to scientific accuracy, or if your reputation or that of the journal would be affected. We do not publish corrections that do not affect the contribution in a material way or significantly impair the reader’s understanding of the contribution (such as a spelling mistake or a grammatical error).

Please send an email to  myakar@mersin.edu.tr  in the event a correction is needed.

Errata

An erratum will be used if an important error has been found during the publication process of the journal article. Errors requiring an erratum include: an error that affects the publication record, the scientific integrity of the paper, the reputation of the authors or of the journal, and errors of omission (e.g. failure to make factual proof corrections requested by authors within the deadline provided by the journal and within journal policy).

Erratas are not published for typing errors except where an error is significant (for example, an incorrect unit.) A significant error in a figure or table is corrected by the publication of a newly- corrected figure or table as an erratum. The figure or table is republished only if the editor considers it necessary.

Corrigenda

A corrigendum is a notification of a significant error made by the authors of the article. All authors must sign a corrigenda that is submitted for publication.

In cases where co-authors disagree, the editors will take advice from independent peer-reviewers and impose the appropriate amendment; noting the dissenting author(s) in the text of the published version.

Addenda

An addendum is a notification of a peer-reviewed addition of information to a paper. An example is a response to a reader’s request for clarification. Addenda do not contradict the original publication. If the author inadvertently omits significant information, the information can be published as an addendum after peer review.

Addenda are published only rarely and only when the editors decide that the addendum is crucial to the reader’s understanding of a significant part of the published contribution.

There is no article processing or submission charges in this journal.It is free

Citation Indexes

Chief in Editor

Engineering, Photogrametry, Remote Sensing

Editorial Board

A.o.Univ.Prof. Mag.Dr. Wolfgang Sulzer is part of the Institute for Geography and Regional Sciences (University of Graz) and heads the research group "Geospatial Technologies". His research topics deal with the use of remote sensing in high mountains and in urban regions. A focus of recent years has been the implementation of new remote sensing-based monitoring technologies for urban research in Graz, with a focus on urban climate and urban development. The acquisition, documentation and visualization of cultural (landscape) heritages belongs to his recent research activities. Numerous master's theses and publications document the research results. Further information for lecturing and the research activities can be found at: https://geographie.uni-graz.at/en/our-research/gst/  

Human Impacts of Climate Change and Human Adaptation, Environmental Geography, Remote Sensing

Marta Czaplicka – an assistant professor at the Department of Socio-Economic Geography, was involved in research on geospatial analyses and the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools in socio-economic geography and land management. Currently working on three research projects financed by the National Science Center of Poland.

City in Human Geography, Economic Geography, Social Geography, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Geoscience Data Visualisation, Geoinformatics (Other)
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Geodesy

AMIT KUMAR MISHRA (Senior Member, IEEE) is an active researcher in the domain of sensor design, telecommunication, radar, applied machine learning, and frugal innovation. His current areas of research are joint communication and sensing (JCAS) and bio-inspired computer architecture. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University where he is also the Director of the National Spectrum Centre (NSC).

Artificial Intelligence (Other), Electronic Sensors, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing

Fabiana Calò received her Master’s degree in Environmental Engineering from Politecnico di Bari and a PhD in Analysis of Environmental Systems at University of Napoli Federico II. She has been Visiting Scientist at Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa (2008) and Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul (2014-2015). Since 2010 she works at National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Institute of Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment in Napoli, first as Post-Doc fellow and then as permanent Researcher. Her research interests mainly focus on the study of natural and man-made hazards, and on the natural resources protection by integrating ground-based and Earth Observation data and information. 

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Natural Hazards

Janis Kaminskis, Dr.sc.ing. (2010), Professor, RTU, Dipl.phys.(1990), in the Department of Geomatics at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, received a Master of Engineering degree in geodesy (with excellence, 1995). He has acquired and developed his professional values and competences in the Finnish (FGI), Danish (KMS/DTU) and Swiss (ETH) research centers and universities. Associate Professo Janis Kaminskis is an expert of the Latvian Council of Science, Latvian National Standard Technical Committee Nr.47 Geomatics chairman, president of national IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics) committee under Academy of Science and lead member of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG); IAG sub-commission for EUREF as well Chairman for sub-commission of Engineering geodesy, member of the Nordic Geodesic Commission (NKG) Presidium, member of the International Struve Geodetic Arc Working Group. Areas of research are astronomy, photogrammetry, geoinformatics and physical geodesy, geophysics incl. geoid modeling, gravimetry, reference systems, marine cadaster and related issues. He is the author and co-author of many Latvian and international scientific researches and publications, co-author of it between 3 books and monographs in Latvia and abroad. He currently does research at the Geomatics group (http://geomatika.rtu.lv/), RTU (https://www.rtu.lv/en). Jānis Kaminskis works in Higher Education, Civil Engineering and Geodesy and Surveying at the faculty of Civil and Mechanical engineering, Riga Technical University. His current projects are "High accuracy gravity field model for Latvia including its sea territory", „BalMarGrav - Homogenized marine gravity maps of southern and eastern Baltic Sea for modern 3D applications in marine geodesy, geology and navigation” and spatial planning of the Baltic Sea on the Kurzeme coast (on the maritime cadastre) together with the Latvian Maritime Academy.

Civil Engineering (Other), Land Management, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Satellite-Based Positioning, Geomatic Engineering (Other), Gravimetrics, Geodesy
Image Processing, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Machine Vision , Engineering, Photogrametry, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing

Introduction
Kazimierz Becek works at the Department of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland. He does research in remote sensing, photogrammetry, geodesy, land surveying, and geographical information systems. He is also a frequent consultant in aerial LiDAR and photo acquisition for Southeast Asian companies and beyond. His primary research is focused on the mathematical modeling of natural and anthropogenic systems.
Disciplines
Remote SensingGeodesy and SurveyingGeoinformatics (GIS) ForestryEnvironmental Science, Data Structures, Computing in Mathematics, Natural Science, Engineering and Medicine Information Science
Skills and expertise
TopographyForest productsCartographySurveyingRadarMappingDTMSpatial AnalysisDigital MappingGeomaticsEnvironmentPhotogrammetryGeoinformationGeospatial ScienceSatellite Image AnalysisDigital Terrain AnalysisEarth ObservationSatellite Image ProcessingGeo-processingGeostatistical AnalysisGeomatics EngineeringGeographical AnalysisSpatial StatisticsLidar Remote SensingTerrain AnalysisMonitoringSARVegetation MappingMicrowave Remote SensingHyperspectral Remote SensingGeographic Information SystemForestryData StructuresInformation ScienceRemote SensingEnvironmental ScienceLand Use ChangeRemote Sensing ApplicationsMapsSynthetic Aperture RadarVegetationSRTMRemote Sensing and GIS, Geodesy, Software Development, Lidar, Hyperspectral Image Analysis
Languages
German, English, Polish, Russian

Photogrametry, Geodesy

Jorge Antonio Silva Centeno was born in La Paz, Bolivia. He holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (1988), a master's degree in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (1991) and a PhD in Geodesy - Universitat Karlsruhe (2000). He is currently a full professor in the Department of Geomatics at the Federal University of Paraná. He has experience in the area of ​​Geosciences, with an emphasis on Photogrammetry, working mainly on the following topics: remote sensing, laser scanner, cartography, photogrammetry and image processing.

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Associate Professor at the School of Production Engineering and Management of the Technical University of Crete (TUC) since 2018, teaching “Fluid Mechanics”, “Heat Transfer” and “Rational Energy Management in Production Systems”. He received his Diploma in Chemical Engineering in 1991 and his Ph.D. in 2000 from the National Technical University of Athens.
His research interests are formed around Green and Digital development. The central pillar of his research activities is the application of innovative solutions at the intersection of Production Systems and Information & Communication Technologies, for delivering high-value services in dynamically changing environments, incl. Industrial, Water, Energy and Environmental systems. Emphasis is placed on developing advanced process simulation modelling approaches to create industrial Digital Twins and Cyber Physical Systems.

His research activities have resulted in more than 130 publications in peer-reviewed international scientific journals and conference proceedings, 6 educational books and 5 chapters in edited books.

He is the founder and coordinator of the Digital and Industrial Innovations Research Group (indigo) at TUC, involving more than 20 researchers (faculty members, postdoctoral researchers and PhD candidates). He is the Principal Investigator of 12 Horizon, 2 Interreg and 2 National ongoing research projects, being the Project Coordinating (PC) for 3 and Technical Coordinator (TC) for 2 of them.

He is a founding member and coordinator of the In-Crete Innovation Alliance, bringing together all academic/research institutions of Crete and private enterprises, with the aim of promoting circular economy actions in Crete.

He is a member in the European networks ICT4Water Cluster and BRIDGE European Commission Initiative. He represents TUC in the LIAISE COST Action (Cooperation, development and cross-border transfer of Industrial Symbiosis among industry and stakeholders) and is responsible on behalf of TUC for the Lighthouse Mission Process Automation and Industry 4.0 of EURECA-PRO (partnership of 7 European Universities for responsible consumption and production).

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Adversarial Machine Learning, Classification Algorithms, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Head of Remote Sensing and GIS Department Professor at the Space Research and Technology Institute, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (SRTI-BAS). Research interests in remote sensing (RS/EO), GIS, landscape ecology, land use/land cover change (LULCC), environmental management, spatial data infrastructures (SDI), spatial decision support systems (SDSS), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), spatial planning, and multivariate statistics.

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing
Natural Language Processing, Evolutionary Computation, Satisfiability and Optimisation