El Kaide'den IŞİD'e: İslamcı-mücahit hegemonik erkekliklerin dönüşümü ve Batı tipi erkekliklerle ilişkileri

Öz

Küresel hegemonik erkeklikler toplumsal cinsiyet hiyerarşilerin zirvesinde yer almaktadırlar ve sembolik, ideal erkeklik modelleri sunarlar. Bu erkekliklerden biri de silahlı erkekliklerdir. Mücahit erkeklikler Batı dışı bölgelerde Batı tipi hegemonik erkeklik ideallerine karşı bir protesto biçimi olarak ortaya çıkmışlardır ve şimdi hegemonik bir erkeklik biçimi olarak varlıklarını sürdürmektedirler. Bu makalede Selefi-Mücahit erkekliklerin değişim süreci IŞİD üzerinden incelenecektir. Öncelikle, eleştirel erkeklikler çalışmaları gözünden köktenci İslamcı terörist grupların hangi yollarla Müslümanlar için bir cazibe yarattığı açıklanacaktır. Ardından, toplumsal hareket ve siyasi organizasyon teorilerinden faydalanılarak IŞİD’in nasıl El-Kaide’nin hegemonyasını devirdiği açıklanacaktır. Son olarak IŞİD’in mücahit-İslamcı erkekliklerde neleri değiştirdiği ve bu değişimlerin küresel silahlı erkeklikleri nasıl El-Kaide döneminden daha şiddet yanlısı ve erkekçe dönüştürdüğünü anlamak için IŞİD’in kendi naratiflerindeki cinsiyetlendirilmiş yerel, bölgesel ve küresel ilişkilerinin inşası yeniden değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• küresel hegemonik erkeklikler
• silahlı erkeklikler
• Islamcı terörizm
• IŞİD
• Batı-Batı dışı ilişkiler
• fratriyarka

From Al-Qaida to ISIS: Transformation of Islamist-jihadist hegemonic masculinities and their relations with Western masculinities

Abstract

Hegemonic masculinities are on the top of gender hierarchies in the world. They create symbolic ideals for other masculinities. One of the types of global hegemonic masculinities is armed masculinities. Jihadist Masculinities, which arise as types of protest to the ideals of hegemonic Western masculinities within the non-West, are now seen as types of global hegemonic masculinities. The article will explain the changing process of the Salafist-Jihadist-Islamist Masculinities with the ISIS example. Firstly, how radical Islamist terrorist organizations attract Muslim people will be explained from critical masculinities perspective. Then, the political and historical analysis will be conducted to answer how ISIS toppled down the hegemony of Al-Qaeda. Thirdly, to understand what ISIS changed in the jihadist-Islamist masculinities and how these changes are successful and effective to make global armed masculinities much more virile and violent than Al-Qaeda period, the construction of the engendered local, regional, and global relations within the narratives of ISIS will be re-evaluated with the lens of critical masculinities studies.

Keywords

• global hegemonic masculinities
• armed masculinities
• Islamist terrorism
• ISIS
• West/non-West relations
• fratriarchy

References

1. Andersen, J. C., & Sandberg, S. (2020). Islamic State propaganda: Between social movement framing and subcultural provocation. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(7), 1506-1526.
2. Ayoob, M. (2004). Political Islam: image and reality. World Policy Journal, 21(3), 1-14.
3. Beasley, C. (2008). Rethinking Hegemonic Masculinity in a Globalizing World. Men and Masculinities, 11(1), 86–103.
4. Bilgic, A. (2015). Hybrid Hegemonic Masculinity of the EU before and after the Arab Spring: A Gender Analysis of Euro-Mediterranean Security Relations, Mediterranean Politics, 20(3), 322-341.
5. Burke, Jason (2021, 05 February). Islamic extremists planning 'rash of attacks' after Covid curbs lifted, says UN. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/05/islamic-extremists-planning-rash-of-attacks-after-covid-curbs-lifted-says-un
6. Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity.
7. Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859.
8. Connell, R. W. (2014). Margin becoming centre: for a world-centred rethinking of masculinities. NORMA, 9(4), 217–231.

9. Connell R. W. (2016). 100 Million Kalashnikovs: Gendered Power on a World Scale. Debate Feminista, 51, 3-17.
10. Crone, M. (May 2020). It's a man's world: carnal spectatorship and dissonant masculinities in Islamic State videos, International Affairs, Volume 96, Issue 3, 573–591.
11. Farah, D., & Braun, S. (2007). Merchant of death: Money, guns, planes, and the man who makes war possible. John Wiley & Sons.
12. Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N. (2013). Political discourse analysis: A method for advanced students. Routledge.
13. Farasin, F. (2017). What is Causing Radicalism in the MENA?. Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies.
14. Gerami, S. (2005). Islamist masculinity and Muslim masculinities. Handbook of studies on men and masculinities, 448.
15. Gray, P. W. (2013). Leaderless resistance, networked organization, and ideological hegemony. Terrorism and Political Violence, 25(5), 655-671.
16. Haykel, B. (2016). ISIS and al-Qaeda—what are they thinking? Understanding the adversary. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 668(1), 71-81.
17. Hinojosa, R. (2010). Doing Hegemony: Military, Men, and Constructing a Hegemonic Masculinity. The Journal of Men's Studies, 18(2), 179–194.
18. Ingram, H. J. (2016). An analysis of Islamic State's Dabiq magazine. Australian Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 458-477.
19. Ingram, H. J. (2017). An analysis of Inspire and Dabiq: Lessons from AQAP and Islamic State's propaganda war. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(5), 357-375.
20. Kneip, K. (2016). Female jihad–women in the ISIS. Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science, 29, 88-106.
21. Messerschmidt, J. W. (2008). And Now, the Rest of the Story: A Commentary on Christine Beasley's "Rethinking Hegemonic Masculinity in a Globalizing World." Men and Masculinities, 11(1), 104–108.
22. Messerschmidt, J. W., & Rohde, A. (2018). Osama Bin Laden and His Jihadist Global Hegemonic Masculinity. Gender & Society, 32(5), 663–685.
23. Myrttinen, H. (2019). Stabilizing or challenging patriarchy? Sketches of selected "new" political masculinities. Men and Masculinities, 22(3), 563-581.
24. Necef, M. (2016). If men were men then women would be women: ISIL's construction of masculinity and femininity. Center for Mellemøststudier, News Analysis May.
25. No Author. (2016). Among the Believers Are Men. Dabiq Volume 15: Break the Cross, 70-74.
26. No Author. (2016). By the Sword. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 78-82.
27. No Author. (2016). Contemplate the Creation. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 08-14.
28. No Author. (2016). Foreword. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 4-8.
29. No Author. (2016). From the Pages of History. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 14-20.
30. No Author. (2016). How I Came to Islam. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 36-40.
31. No Author. (2016). In the Words of the Enemy. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 74-78.
32. No Author. (2016). Interview. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 64-70.
33. No Author. (2016). Operations. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 40-64.
34. No Author. (2016). The Fitrah of Mankind. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 20-26.
35. No Author. (2016). Why We Hate You & Why We Fight You. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 30-34.
36. No Author. (2016). Wisdom. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 34-36.
37. No Author. (2016). Words of Sincere Advice. Dabiq: Break the Cross, (15), 26-30.
38. Rehan, M. (2018) Terrorist Radicalization and International Security: A Crisis of Masculinity and Gender. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2806.
39. Reuters Staff (2021, 16 February) Alleged Islamic State militant among three New Zealanders caught by Turkish forces. Reuters. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/newzealand- turkey-int-idUSKBN2AF1WG
40. Starck, K., & Luyt, R. (2019). Political Masculinities, Crisis Tendencies, and Social Transition: Toward an Understanding of Change. Men and Masculinities, 22(3), 431–443.
41. Styszynski, M. (2014). ISIS and Al Qaeda: Expanding the jihadist discourse. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 6(8), 9-14.
42. Taspinar, O. (2015). The Problem with Radicalism: Relative Deprivation Is a Key to Understanding the Roots of Extremism. The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, 19, 76-83.
43. Ubayasiri, K. (2019). Islamic State's quest for legitimacy: An analysis of IS media frames in Dabiq magazine. Media, War & Conflict. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219860422