HPLC BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF Schizochytrium sp. MICROALGAE WITH ITS ANTIOXIDANT AND ENZYME INHIBITORY EFFECTS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 96 - 104, 31.12.2025

Ebru Deveci , Gülsen Tel-çayan , Fatih Çayan , Ertan Ercan

Öz

In this study, Schizochytrium sp. microalgae hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts were investigated for bioactive compounds and tested for antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects. The presence of galangin (0.18 ppm for hexane extract-101.29 ppm for methanol extract) and 4-hexylresorcinol (20.70 ppm for hexane extract-29.70 ppm for methanol extract) was determined for the first time in Schizochytrium sp. microalgae extracts. The high antioxidant effective extract was methanol extract in DPPH• scavenging (18.46%), β-carotene linoleic acid (49.34%) and CUPRAC (A0.50: 158.82 µg/mL) assays, water extract in ABTS•+ scavenging (IC50: 309.13 µg/mL) and iron chelating assays. Schizochytrium sp. microalgae showed different levels of activity in AChE, BChE, tyrosinase, urease, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. Hexane extract (86.53%) exhibited superior urease inhibitory effect, with higher inhibition rate than thiourea (78.93%). In addition, methanol extract (66.17%) was observed as promising active in BChE inhibitory effect, hexane extract (60.28%) in α-amylase inhibitory effect, and ethyl acetate extract (34.64%) in α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. Taking together, these results reveal the potential utility of Schizochytrium sp. microalgae extracts for potential applications, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Schizochytrium sp. , Bioactive microalgae , Antioxidant activity , Enzyme inhibition activity , Phenolic compounds

Proje Numarası

There is no project number for the manuscript.

Schizochytrium sp. MİKROALGİNİN BİYOAKTİF BİLEŞİKLERİNİN HPLC İLE KARAKTERİZASYONU İLE ANTİOKSİDAN VE ENZİM İNHİBİSYON AKTİVİTELERİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Schizochytrium sp. mikroalginin hekzan, etil asetat, metanol ve su ekstreleri biyoaktif bileşikleri açısından araştırılmıştır ve antioksidan ve enzim inhibisyon etkileri test edilmiştir. Galanginin (hekzan ekstresinde 0,18 ppm, metanol ekstresinde 101,29 ppm) ve 4-hekzilresorsinolün (hekzan ekstresinde 20,70 ppm, metanol ekstresinde 29,70 ppm) varlığı Schizochytrium sp. mikroalg ekstrelerinde ilk kez belirlenmiştir. En yüksek antioksidan etkili ekstre DPPH• radikal giderim (%18,46%), β-karoten linoleik asit (%49,34) ve CUPRAC (A0,50: 158,82 µg/mL) yöntemlerinde metanol ekstresi, ABTS•+ giderim (IC50: 309,13 µg/mL) ve demir şelatlama aktivitelerinde su ekstresi olmuştur. Schizochytrium sp., mikroalgi AChE, BChE, tirozinaz, üreaz, α-amilaz ve α-glukozidaz inhibisyon etkilerinde farklı seviyelerde aktivite göstermiştir. Hekzan ekstresi (%86,53) tiyoürenin (%78,93) inhibisyon değerinden daha yüksek inhibisyon değeriyle yüksek üreaz inhibisyon etkisi göstermiştir. Ayrıca, metanol ekstresi (%66,17) BChE inhibisyon etkisinde, hekzan ekstresi (%60,28) α-amilaz inhibisyon etkisinde ve etil asetat ekstresi (%34,64) α-glukozidaz inhibisyon etkisinde umut verici aktif olarak gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar bir araya getirildiğinde, Schizochytrium sp. mikroalg ekstrelerinin özellikle ilaç endüstrisindeki potansiyel uygulamalar için faydaları ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Schizochytrium sp. , Bioaktif mikroalg , Antioksidan aktivite , Enzim inhibisyon aktivitesi , Fenolik bileşikler

Proje Numarası

There is no project number for the manuscript.

Kaynakça

• Cadar, E., Popescu, A., Dragan, A.M.L., Pesterau, A.M., Pascale, C., Anuta, V., Prasacu, I., Velescu, B.S., Tomescu, C.L., Bogdan-Andreescu, C.F., Sirbu, R., Ionescu, A.M., ''Bioactive compounds of marine algae and their potential health and nutraceutical applications: A review'', Marine Drugs, 23, 152, 2025.
• Kumari, A., Garima, Bharadvaja N., ''A comprehensive review on algal nutraceuticals as prospective therapeutic agent for different diseases'', 3 Biotech, 13(2), 44, 2023.
• Siddhnath, Surasani, V.K.R., Singh, A., Singh, S.M., Hauzoukim, Murthy, L.N., Baraiya, K.G., ''Bioactive compounds from micro-algae and its application in foods: A review'', Discover Food, 4, 27, 2024.
• Cichonski, J., Chrzanowski, G., ''Microalgae as a source of valuable phenolic compounds and carotenoids'', Molecules, 27, 8852, 2022.
• Olguın, E.J., Sanchez-Galvan, G., Arias-Olguın, I.I., Melo, F.J., Gonzalez-Portela, R.E., Cruz, L., De Philippis, R., Adessi, A., ''Microalgae-based biorefineries: Challenges and future trends to produce carbohydrate enriched biomass, high-added value products and bioactive compounds'', Biology (Basel), 11(8), 1146, 2022.
• Dimopoulou, M., Kolonas, A., Stagos, D., Gortzi, O., ''A review of the sustainability, chemical composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity, neuroprotective properties, and health benefits of microalgae'', Biomass, 5, 11, 2025.
• Xu, B., Dong, Q., Yu, C., Chen, H., Zhao, Y., Zhang, B., Yu, P., Chen, M., ''Advances in research on the activity evaluation, mechanism and structure-activity relationships of natural antioxidant peptides'', Antioxidants,13, 479, 2024.
• Aaser, M., Abdelazim, Abomughaid, M.M., ''Oxidative stress: an overview of past research and future insights'', All Life, 17, 2316092, 2024.
• Krishnamurthy, H.K., Pereira, M., Rajavelu, I., Jayaraman, V., Krishna, K., Wang, T., Bei, K., Rajasekaran, J.J., ''Oxidative stress: fundamentals and advances in quantification techniques'', Frontiers in Chemistry, 12,1470458, 2024.
• Gulcin, İ., ''Antioxidants: a comprehensive review'', Archives of Toxicology, 99, 1893-1997, 2025.
• Rahaman, M.M., Hossain, R., Herrera-Bravo, J., Islam, M.T., Atolani, O., Adeyemi, O.S., Owolodun, O.A., Kambizi, L., Daştan, S.D., Calina, D., Sharifi-Rad, J., ''Natural antioxidants from some fruits, seeds, foods, natural products, and associated health benefits: An update'', Food Science & Nutrition, 11(4), 1657-1670, 2023.
• Pan, C., Kakeya, H., ''Recent progress in chemistry and bioactivity of novel enzyme inhibitors from natural products: A comprehensive review'', European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 289, 117481, 2025.
• Gour, E., ''Biochemistry: Enzyme functions and drug development'', Journal of Biochemistry Research, 6(2), 32-34, 2023.
• Molo, Z., Tel-Çayan, G., Deveci, E., Öztürk, M., Duru, M.E., ''Insight into isolation and characterization of compounds of Chaerophyllum bulbosum aerial part with antioxidant, anticholinesterase, anti-urease, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-diabetic activities'', Food Bioscience, 42, 101201, 2021.
• Geronikaki, A., ''Recent trends in enzyme inhibition and activation in drug design'', Molecules, 26, 17, 2021.
• Li, J., Pora, B.L.R., Dong, K., Hasjim, J., ''Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid and its bioavailability: A review'', Food Science & Nutrition, 9(9), 5229-5243, 2021.
• Wang, Q., Han, W., Jin, W., Gao, S., Zhou, X., ''Docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp.: Review and prospect'', Food Biotechnology, 35, 111-135, 2021.
• Tel-Çayan, G., Çayan, F., Deveci, E., Karataş, Ş., Duru, M.E., ''Characterization of chemical compounds of fractions from four different bee pollens with chemometric classification'', European Food Research and Technology, 251, 667-683, 2025.
• Deveci, E., Tel-Çayan, G., Çayan, F., Yılmaz Altınok, B., Aktaş, S. ''Characterization of polysaccharide extracts of four edible mushrooms and determination of in vitro antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and anticancer activities'', ACS Omega, 9, 25887-25901, 2024.
• Uba, A.I., Zengin, G., Montesano, D., Cakilcioglu, U., Selvi, S., Ulusan, M.D., Caprioli, G., Sagratini, G., Angeloni, S., Jugreet, S., Hasan, M.M., Mahoomodally, M.F., ''Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties, and HPLC–MS/MS profiles of different extracts of Arabis carduchorum Boiss.: An endemic plant to Turkey'', Applied Science, 12, 6561, 2022.
• Prasad, A., Kumari, S., ''Flavonoid: A mini review on galangin'', Asian Journal of Chemistry, 34, 18-24, 2022.
• Fidalgo, J., Deglesne, P.A., Arroya, R., Ranneva, E., Deprez, P., ''4-Hexylresorcinol a new molecule for cosmetic application'', Journal of Biomolecular Research & Therapeutics, 8, 1, 2019.
• Tajik, N., Tajik, M., Mack, I., Enck, P., ''The potential effects of chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic components in coffee, on health: A comprehensive review of the literature'', European Journal of Nutrition, 56, 2215-2244, 2017.
• Pal, S.M., Avneet, G., Siddhraj, S.S., ''Gallic acid: Pharmacogical promising lead molecule: a review'', International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 10(4), 132-138, 2018.
• Siddiquee, R., Mahmood, T., Ansari, V.A., Ahsan, F., Bano, S., Ahmad, S., ''Apigenin unveiled: An encyclopedic review of its preclinical and clinical insights'', Discover Plants, 2, 11, 2025.
• Frazzini, S., Scaglia, E., Dell’Anno, M., Reggi, S., Panseri, S., Giromini, C., Lanzoni, D., Sgoifo Rossi, C.A., Rossi, L., ''Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of algal and cyanobacterial extracts: An in vitro study'', Antioxidants, 11, 992, 2022.
• Karataş, B., ''Effects of Chlorella sp. and Schizochytrium sp. extracts on growth indices, body composition, and gene expression profiles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)'', Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 276, 111047, 2025.
• Yu, J.H., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Bian, F., Chen, G., Zhang, Y., Bi, Y.P., Wu, Y.J., ''Antioxidant activity of alcohol aqueous extracts of Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp., Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol)'', 18(9), 797-806, 2017.
• Kalidasan, K., Dufosse, L., Manivel, G., Senthilraja, P., Kathiresan, K., ''Antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer properties in methanolic extract of mangrove-derived Schizochytrium sp.'', Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10, 431, 2022.
• Dell’Anno, M., Sotira, S., Rebucci, R., Reggi, S., Castiglioni, B., Rossi, L., ''In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of algal extracts'', Italian Journal of Animal Science, 19, 103-113, 2020.
• Gürlek, C., Yarkent, Ç., Köse, A., Tuğcu, B., Gebeloğlu, I.K., Öncel, S.Ş., Elibol, M., ''Screening of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of several microalgal extracts with pharmaceutical potential'', Health and Technology, 10, 111-117, 2020.
• Katalinic, M., Rusak, G., Barovic, J.D., Sinko, G., Jelic, D., Antolovic, R., Kovarik, Z., ''Structural aspects of flavonoids as inhibitors of human butyrylcholinesterase'', European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 45, 186-192, 2010.
• Asadi, G.S., Abdizadeh, R., Abdizadeh, T., ''Investigation of a set of flavonoid compounds as Helicobacter pylori urease inhibitors: Insights from in silico studies'', Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 43(5), 2366-2388, 2025.
• Chung, K.W., Jeong, H.O., Lee, E.K., Kim, S.J., Chun, P., Chung, H.Y., Moon, H.R., ''Evaluation of antimelanogenic activity and mechanism of galangin in silico and in vivo'', Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 41, 73-79, 2018.
• Sheng, Z., Ai, B., Zheng, L., Zheng, Z., Xu, Z., Shen, Y., Jin, Z., ''Inhibitory activities of kaempferol, galangin, carnosic acid and polydatin against glycation and α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes'', International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53, 755-766, 2018.
• Topal, F., ''Antidiabetic potential: Effect of resorcinol on α-glycosidase and α-amylase enzymes'', Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 39-4, 828-832, 2018.
• Güller, U., ''Resorcinol derivatives as human acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: An in vitro and in silico study'', Internation Journal of Chemistry and Technology, 5(2), 156-161, 2021.
• Yang, X., Zhao, Z., Zhao, C., Li, Y., El-Kott, A.F., Bani-Fwaz, M.Z., ''Anti-breast adenocarcinoma and anti-urease anti-tyrosinase properties of 5-pentylresorcinol as natural compound with molecular docking studies'', Journal of Oleo Science, 71(7), 1031-1038, 2022.
• Shariff, R., Du, Y., Dutta, M., Kumar, S., Thimmaiah, S., Doraiswamy, C., Kumari, A., Kale, V., Nair, N., Zhang, S., Joshi, M., Santhanam, U., Qiang, Q., Damodaran, A., ''Superior even skin tone and anti-ageing benefit of a combination of 4-hexylresorcinol and niacinamide'', International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 44, 103-117, 2022.
• Kadi, I., Eltayb, W.A., Boufissiou, A., Benaceur, F., Bouchareb, A., Soltan, W.B., Baladehi, M.H., Kheniche, A., Abdalla, M., ''Molecular interactions, binding stability, and synergistic inhibition on acetylcholinesterase activity of safranin O in combination with quercetin and gallic acid: In vitro and in silico study'', Journal of Molecular Structure, 1286, 135562, 2023.
• Oboh, G., Ogunsuyi, O.B., Ogunbadejo, M.D., Adefegha, S.A., ''Influence of gallic acid on α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of acarbose'', Journal of Food Drug Analysis, 24(3), 627-634, 2016.
• Chelleng, N., Puzari, M., Chetia, P., Tamuly, C., ''Phenolic compounds of Zanthoxylum armatum DC as potential inhibitors of urease and SARS-CoV2 using molecular docking approach and with simulation study'', Natural Product Research, 37:12, 1993-1997, 2023.
• Yerlikaya, S., Zengin, G., Mollica, A., Baloglu, M.C., Celik Altunoglu, Y., Aktumsek, A., ''A multidirectional perspective for novel functional products: In vitro pharmacological activities and in silico studies on Ononis natrix subsp. hispanica'', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 600, 2017.
• Yenigun, S., Basar, Y., Ipek, Y., Behcet, L., Demirtas, I., Ozen, T., ''DNA protection, molecular docking, molecular dynamic, enzyme inhibition, and kinetics studies of apigenin isolated from Nepeta baytopii Hedge & Lamond by bioactivity-guided fractionation'', Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 2024.
• Li, Y., Zou, H., Sun-Waterhouse, D., Chen, Y., ''Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and luteolin from dandelion as urease inhibitors: Insights into the molecular interactions and inhibition mechanism'', Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,104(13), 8079-8088, 2024.
• Yudantara, I.M.A., Cahyani, N.K.N., Saputra, M.A.W., Dewi, N.K.D.P., ''Chlorogenic acid and kojic acid as anti-hyperpigmentation: In silico study'', Pharmacy Reports, 1(2), 23, 2022.
• Wang, S., Li, Y., Meng, X., Chen, S., Huang, D., Xia, Y., Zhu, S., ''Antioxidant activities of chlorogenic acid derivatives with different acyl donor chain lengths and their stabilities during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion'', Food Chemistry, 357, 129904, 2021.
• Oboh, G., Agunloye, O.M., Akinyemi, A.J., Ademiluyi, A.O., Adefegha, S.A., ''Comparative study on the inhibitory effect of caffeic and chlorogenic acids on key enzymes linked to Alzheimer’s disease and some pro-oxidant induced oxidative stress in rats’ brain-in vitro'', Neurochemical Research, 38, 413–419, 2013.
• Custodio, L., Justo, T., Silvestre, L., Barradas, A., Duarte, C.V., Pereira, H., Barreira, L., Rauter, A.P., Albericio, F.A., Varela, J., ''Microalgae of different phyla display antioxidant, metal chelating and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities'', Food Chemistry, 131, 134-140, 2012.
• Custodio, L., Soares, F., Pereira, H., Rodrigues, M.J., Barreira, L., Rauter, A.P., Albericio, F., Varela, J., ''Botryococcus braunii and Nannochloropsis oculata extracts inhibit cholinesterases and protect human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity'', Journal of Applied Phycology, 27, 839-848, 2015.
• Kim, S.Y., Kwon, Y.M., Kim, K.W., Kim, J.Y.H., ''Exploring the potential of Nannochloropsis sp. extract for cosmeceutical applications'', Marine Drugs, 19, 690, 2021.
• Songserm, R., Kaeoboon, S., Suksungworn, R., Duangsrisai, S., Sanevas, N., ''GC-MS profiling, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic assessments of extracts from microalgae Scenedesmus falca-tus (KU.B1) and Chlorella sorokiniana (KU.B2)'', Plant Science Today, 9(3), 632-641, 2022.