Research Article

The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament

Volume: 9 Number: 2 December 30, 2025
EN

The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament

Abstract

This article examines the structure of unequal temperament, which occupies a distinctive and central place in the music of the Near and Middle East, using analytical and comparative musicological methods. Drawing on modal materials from the maqam traditions of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran and Central Asia, as well as on the analysis of timbre, the study analyses the tonal structure, microchromatic intervals and modal functions that define the Eastern maqam system. Particular attention is given to Azerbaijani mughams as an integral component of this system. The findings show that, especially since the Soviet period, the partial separation of Azerbaijani national maqams from the Eastern maqam tradition has led to the disappearance or transformation of numerous dastgahs, avazes and microtonal modes. Overall, the study demonstrates that the Eastern maqam tradition is grounded in a stable structure of unequal temperament. Approaching this issue, however, requires new scholarly analyses.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Theories of Music

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 30, 2025

Submission Date

September 14, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 10, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 9 Number: 2

APA
Bakhshaliyev, F. (2025). The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament. Musicologist, 9(2), 490-508. https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1783725
AMA
1.Bakhshaliyev F. The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament. Musicologist. 2025;9(2):490-508. doi:10.33906/musicologist.1783725
Chicago
Bakhshaliyev, Fakhraddin. 2025. “The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament”. Musicologist 9 (2): 490-508. https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1783725.
EndNote
Bakhshaliyev F (December 1, 2025) The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament. Musicologist 9 2 490–508.
IEEE
[1]F. Bakhshaliyev, “The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament”, Musicologist, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 490–508, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.33906/musicologist.1783725.
ISNAD
Bakhshaliyev, Fakhraddin. “The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament”. Musicologist 9/2 (December 1, 2025): 490-508. https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1783725.
JAMA
1.Bakhshaliyev F. The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament. Musicologist. 2025;9:490–508.
MLA
Bakhshaliyev, Fakhraddin. “The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament”. Musicologist, vol. 9, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 490-08, doi:10.33906/musicologist.1783725.
Vancouver
1.Fakhraddin Bakhshaliyev. The Eastern Modal (Maqam) System and Unequal Temperament. Musicologist. 2025 Dec. 1;9(2):490-508. doi:10.33906/musicologist.1783725