Usage of Vermiculite as Additive Material in Water-Based Drilling Muds

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 179 - 186, 17.05.2018

Onur Eser Kök İlknur Tanrıverdi Yasin Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.424673

Cited By: 3

Öz

Drilling mud is used in drilling operations to ensure well stability and to transport the cut-offs to
the surface and is generally classified as; Spud, Lignosulfonate and Polymer types. Spud Mud is
the simple mud and mostly used at the beginning of drilling operations. It is mainly composed of
bentonite and water. With increasing depth, It is hard to keep well stability and to carry cuttings
from the bottom of hole to the surface with the basic drilling fluid. Thus, some materials are used
to maintain the rheological and filtration properties of the mud. One of them is vermiculite that is
a general name of the hydrated ferromagnesian aluminium silicate group. It has expanded
properties when heated. Like all clay minerals, the cation exchange capacity is very high and very
similar to the montmorillonites in terms of high cation exchange capacity. In this study, the usage
of vermiculite as an additive material in drilling muds was investigated. Spud muds containing
vermiculite in different amounts were prepared. Then rheological and filtration analysis of the
muds were done according to American Petroleum Institute (API) RP-13B-1 Standard. When
evaluated the results, AV reached 41cP, PV 27cP, YP 28lb/100ft2
, 10 sec. gel strength
17lb/100ft2
, 10 min. gel strength 26 lb/100ft2
and filtration 9cc. The results showed that the
vermiculite can might be used as a viscosifier and fluid loss reducing additive material in the
drilling mud. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Drilling mud, Bentonite, Vermiculite, Viscosity, Rheology

Kaynakça

• API (1990). American Petroleum Intitute, 13A, Specification for Drilling Fluid Materials.
• API (2003). Americal Petroleum Institute, 13B-1, Recommended Practice Standard for Field Testing Water-Based Drilling Fluids. Bassett, W.A. (1959). The origin of vermiculite deposit at Libby, Montana. American Mineralogist, 44, pp. 282-299.
• Bassett, W.A. (1963). The geology of vermiculite occurrence. Clays and Clays Minerals, 10, pp. 61-69.
• Berker, E. (1992). State Planning Organization VI. Five Year Development Plan Report, Building-Industry Raw Materials, s. 141- 157. (in Turkish).
• Caenn, R. & Chillingar, G.V. (1996). Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 14 (3–4), 221– 230.
• Dyke, K.V. (2000). Drilling Fluids- Rotory Drilling Series, Unit 2- Lessons 2, P ETEX.
• Eaton, G. P. (1997). Vermiculite. Mineral Industry Survey, U.S.Department of the Interior, U.S.Geological Survey, 4p.
• Erseçen, S. (1992). Vermiculite in the world and Turkey: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Publications. (in Turkish).
• Harben, P. W. (1995). Vermiculite. The Industrial Minerals Handbook, 2nd Edition, pp. 193 – 195.
• Hattaway, J.C. (1955). Studies of some vermiculite type clay minerals. Clays and Clays Minerals, 395, pp. 74- 86.
• Hemphill, T. & Larsen, T. (1997). Drilling Fluids (SPE Reprint Series), 44, 22–35.
• Knox, D. & Jiany, P. (2005). Drilling further with water-based fluids selecting the right lubricant. in: Proceedings SPE Inter Symposium Oil Field Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA, pp. 9–15.
• Kök, O. E. (2017). Production and Characterization of Nanobentonite. MSc. Thesis Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, (in Turkish). Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay.
• Kuşcu, M. (2001). Industrial Rocks and Minerals: Süleyman Demirel University. (in Turkish). Pub. No: 10, 381 s., Turkey.
• Lyens, W.C. & Plisga, G.J. (1996). Drilling and Well Completions. Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, second ed., 1–565.
• M.R.E. (1989). General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Known Turkey's Mines and Mineral Resources. (in Turkish). No.185, pp: 85, Turkey.
• Uysal, T. (2012). Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions in the Water on the Kuluncak (Malatya) Vermiculite. MSc. (in Turkish). Thesis Institute of Engineering and Science, Malatya.