THE LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE CASE OF AMERICA

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 113 - 114, 31.12.2021

Zulal Sezıcı Sultan Kuzu Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1499

Öz

Purpose- The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a relationship between renewable energy consumption, electricity
consumption and gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States of America over the period 1965-2019. In this context, renewable
energy consumption data was obtained from the British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 report, electricity end-use
consumption data acquired from U.S. Energy Information Administration and GDP data were obtained from World Bank.To achieve this goal,
we employ Johansen cointegration analysis and after determining that the long-term relationships exist between variables, then causality
relationships have examined with the Toda-Yamamoto test. In addition, by establishing a Vector Error Correction Model, it was investigated
whether the long-term relationship is adaptable to the short-term.
Methodology- In this study, renewable energy consumption, electricity consumption and GDP variables of the United States of America
between 1965 and 2019 were examined. First of all, natural logarithms of all variables were taken to solve the problem of heteroscedasticity,
which is frequently encountered in time series. Seasonal effects were not examined, as the variables examined were arranged at an annual
frequency. For cointegration analysis used to examine long-term relationships, the series should be non-stationary and can be stationary at
the same level (Johansen, 1988). First of all, unit root tests were performed on the 3 variables examined. Among these tests, ADF, PP, KPSS
and DF-GLS tests were selected. Then, the appropriate VAR model was established to apply the Johansen cointegration analysis. The lag
number of the VAR model was decided by considering both the information criteria and the assumptions of the VAR model. After the VAR
model was established, Johansen cointegration analysis was applied, and after the existence of the long-term relationship was determined,
the model was continued with the vector error correction model. In addition, causality relationships were also examined with TodaYamamoto. Since the level values of the Toda-Yamamoto series are made (without a difference), there is no loss of information (Toda &
Yamamoto, 1995).
Findings- According to the results of the applied unit root tests, it was determined that all variables were stationary in the first order. It has
been determined that the inverse roots of the VAR model established with 3 lags are within the unit circle, that is, it is stable. In addition,
when the LM test values of the error terms were examined, it was found that there was no significant autocorrelation. Therefore there is no
autocorrelation problem. Finally, when the White test of covariance was applied to the error terms, it was seen that the errors were
covariance. According to Johansen cointegration analysis, it was decided that the 3rd model was the most appropriate and two cointegration
relations were found. That is, electricity and renewable energy consumption and economic growth are related in the long run. The TodaYamamato test was used to determine the direction of causality. From here, it has been determined that renewable energy consumption
and economic growth are the causes of electricity consumption.Contrary to this conclusion, Narayan et al. (2008) found that electricity
consumption has a statistically significant positive effect on real GDP in short periods, except for the United States, in the study conducted
for the years 1970-2002. This finding implies that, outside the United States, electricity conservation policies will hurt real GDP in the G7
countries. However, in line with our results, Yıldırım (2012) examined the contribution of renewable energy consumption to economic growth
for the USA and found that renewable energy consumption increases real GDP. Therefore, we can say that the findings of this article support
our econometric findings in our study. In this study, the authors benefited from the Toda-Yamamoto test. Then, the Vector Error Correction
Model was established and it was seen that the long-term relationship was adaptable to the short-term. According to results, electricity
consumption decreases when renewable energy consumption increases and electricity consumption increases when GDP increases.
Conclusion- Based upon the analysis of the findings it can be concluded that there is a long-run relationship between GDP, electricity
consumption and renewable energy consumption variables of US by using the Johansen cointegration test.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Renewable energy, GDP, electricity, Johansen Cointegration, Vector Error Correction Model

Kaynakça

• Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of economic dynamics and control, 12(2-3), 231-254.
• Toda, H. Y. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Process. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250
• Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2011). Electricity consumption and real GDP causality nexus: Evidence from ARDL bounds testing approach for 11 MENA countries. Applied Energy.
• Ertugrul Yildirim, Ş. S. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth in the USA: Evidence from renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
• Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S., & Prasad, A. (2008). A structural VAR analysis of electricity consumption and eal GDP: Evidence from the G7 countries. Energy Policy.
• Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengneb, B., Smithers, D., & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy.
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