Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective

Melike Koçyiğit Özyiğit

doi:10.17275/per.22.116.9.5

EN

Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective

Abstract

Supervision is an essential aspect of counselor development. Supervisors should have the necessary qualifications to provide effective supervision. The difficulties encountered and ethical problems can make the supervision they provide ineffective or harmful. As emphasized in the supervision literature, supervisors may unwittingly offer ineffective supervision. Therefore, it is thought that there is a need to examine the experiences of the supervisors. This study aimed to present empirical evidence on the challenges and ethical problems faced by supervisors in counseling supervision and ways of coping. For this purpose, the explanatory sequential mixed methods research design was used. The most common challenging factors, ethical issues, and coping methods were obtained from faculty supervisors via a web-based questionnaire. Also, online interviews were conducted with nine volunteer faculty supervisors to delve into their experiences. The most challenging factors were about conducting supervision, supervision methods, and techniques, evaluation, and focus of supervision. The supervisor encounters ethical problems such as confidentiality and privacy, emergency, evaluation process, unprofessional behavior of the supervisee, and multiple relationships. Consultation, getting literature support and having a strong supervision relationship with the supervisee are the most frequently used coping methods. The results of this study provide a framework for supervisors' needs to provide effective supervision. Based on these findings, it is thought that supervisor training will provide a critical contribution to supervisors as to gaining the knowledge and skills they need to cope with these challenges.

Keywords

Effective supervision, supervisor, supervisor training, ethical issues in supervision

References

Aasheim, L. L. (2012). Practical clinical supervision for counselors: An experiential guide., New York: Springer Pub.
Aladağ, M., & Kemer, G. (2016). Clinical supervision: An emerging counseling specialty in Turkey. The Clinical Supervisor, 35(2), 175-191. DOI: 10.1080/07325223.2016.1223775
Aladağ, M. & Kemer, G. (2017). The examination of individual counseling practicum and its supervision in counselor education. Scientific Research Projects Report, Project No: 12 EGF 003 İzmir, Turkey: Ege University
American Counseling Association (2014). The ACA Code of Ethics. https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
American Psychological Association. (2015). Guidelines for clinical supervision in health service psychology. American Psychologist, 70(1), 33-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038112
Atik, Z. (2017). Evaluations of psychological counselor candidates on individual counseling and supervision. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Hacettepe Üniversity, Ankara
Baker, S. B., Exum, H. A., & Tyler, R. E. (2002). The developmental process of clinical supervisors in training: An investigation of the supervisor complexity model. Counselor Education and Supervision, 42(1), 15-30.
Bang, K., & Park, J. (2009). Korean supervisors’ experiences in clinical supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(8), 1042-1075.
Barnett, J. E., Erickson Cornish, J. A., Goodyear, R. K., & Lichtenberg, J. W. (2007). Commentaries on the Ethical and Effective Practice of Clinical Supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(3), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.3.268
Beinart, H. (2014). Building and sustaining the supervisory relationship. In C. E. Watkins & D. L. Milne (Eds.), Wiley international handbook of clinical supervision (pp. 257-281). doi: 10.1002/9781118846363.ch11

Bernard, J. M. (1997). The discrimination model. In C. E. Watkins, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (p. 310–327). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R. (2014). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
Blocher, D. H. (1983). Toward a cognitive developmental approach to counseling supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(1), 27-34.
Borders, L. D. (1989). A pragmatic agenda for developmental supervision research. Counselor Education and Supervision, 29(1), 16 - 24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1989.tb01130.x
Borders, L. D. (1993). Learning to think like a supervisor. The Clinical Supervisor, 10(2), 135-148.
Borders, L. D. (1994). The good supervisor. Retrieved October, 21(2010), 1991-1995
Borders, L. D., & Brown, L. L. (2005). The new handbook of counseling supervision. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Borders, L. D., Cashwell, C. S., & Rotter, J. P. (1995). Supervision of Counselor Licensure Applicants: A Comparative Study. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, (35), 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Bradley, L. J., & Kottler, J. A. (2001). Overview of counselor supervision. In L. J. Bradley & N. Ladany (Eds.), Counselor supervision: Principles, process, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 3–27). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routledge
Campbell, J. M. (2000). Becoming an effective supervisor: A workbook for counselor and psychotherapist. USA: Routledge
Chopra, T. (2013). All supervision is multicultural: A review of literature on the need for multicultural supervision in counseling. Psychological Studies, 58(3), 335-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-013-0206-x
Cohen-Filipic, J., & Flores, L. Y. (2014). Best practices in providing effective supervision to students with values conflicts. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000073
Corey, G., Haynes, R. H., Moulton, P., & Muratori, M. (2010). Clinical supervision in the helping professions: A practical guide. John Wiley & Sons.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.
Dye, H. A., & Borders, L. D. (1990). Counseling supervisors: Standards for preparation and practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(1), 27-29.
Duan, C., & Roehlke, H. (2001). A descriptive “snapshot” of cross‐racial supervision in university counseling center internships. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29(2), 131-146.
Eley, A., & Jennings, R. (2005). Effective Postgraduate Supervision: Improving the Student/Supervisor Relationship.
Ellis, M. V. (1991). Critical incidents in clinical supervision and in supervisor supervision: Assessing supervisory issues. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(3), 342-349
Ellis, M. V. (2001). Harmful supervision, a cause for alarm: Comment on Gray et al. (2001) and Nelson and Friedlander (2001). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(4), 401-406. doi:10.1037//0022-O167.48.4.4O1
Ellis, M. V. (2006). Critical incidents in clinical supervision and in supervisor supervision: Assessing supervisory issues. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, S, 122–132. doi:10.1037/1931-3918.S.2.122
Ellis, M. V., Berger, L., Hanus, A. E., Ayala, E. E., Swords, B. A., & Siembor, M. (2014). Inadequate and Harmful Clinical Supervision: Testing a Revised Framework and Assessing Occurrence. The Counseling Psychologist, 42(4), 434–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000013508656
Ellis, M. V., & Douce, L. A. (1994). Group supervision of novice clinical supervisors: Eight recurring issues. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72(5), 520-525.
Ellis, M. V., & Ladany, N. (1997). Inferences concerning supervisees and clients in clinical supervision: An integrative review. In C. E. Watkins, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (p. 447–507). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Gazzola, N., De Stefano, J., Thériault, A., & Audet, C. T. (2013). Learning to be supervisors: A qualitative investigation of difficulties experienced by supervisors-in-training. The Clinical Supervisor, 32(1), 15–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2013.778678
Erickson Cornish, J. A. (2014). Ethical issues in education and training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 8(4), 197.
Falender, C. A., & Shafranske, E. P. (2004). Clinical supervision. John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Falender, C. A., & Shafranske, E. P. (2014). Clinical supervision: The state of the art. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(11), 1030-1041.
Falender, C. A., & Shafranske, E. P. (2017). Competency‐based clinical supervision: Status, opportunities, tensions, and the future. Australian Psychologist, 52(2), 86-93.
Falender, C. A., Shafranske, E. P., & Ofek, A. (2014). Competent clinical supervision: Emerging effective practices. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 27(4), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2014.934785
Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—principles and practices. Health services research, 48(6), 2134-2156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12117
Gaete, J., & Ness, O. (2015). Supervision: From prescribed roles to preferred positionings. The Clinical Supervisor, 34(1), 57-77.
Gazzola, N., De Stefano, J., Thériault, A., & Audet, C. T. (2013). Learning to be supervisors: A qualitative investigation of difficulties experienced by supervisors-in-training. The Clinical Supervisor, 32(1), 15-39. doi: 10.1080/07325223.2013.778678
Glosoff, H. L., Renfro-Michel, E., & Nagarajan, S. (2016). Ethical issues related to the use of technology in clinical supervision. Using technology to enhance clinical supervision, 31-46.
Grant, J., Schofield, M. J., & Crawford, S. (2012). Managing difficulties in supervision: Supervisors' perspectives. Journal of counseling psychology, 59(4), 528-541
Greene, J.C., Caracelli, V.J., Graham, W.F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educ. Eval. Policy Anal. 11, 255–274
Gonsalvez, C. J., & McLeod, H. J. (2008). Toward the science-informed practice of clinical supervision: The Australian context. Australian Psychologist, 43, 79–87. doi:10.1080/00050060802054869
Gonsalvez, C. J., Oades, L. G., & Freestone, J. (2002). The objectives approach to clinical supervision: Towards integration and empirical evaluation. Australian Psychologist, 37(1), 68-77.
Gonsalvez, C. J., Wahnon, T., & Deane, F. P. (2017). Goal‐setting, feedback, and assessment practices reported by Australian clinical supervisors. Australian Psychologist, 52(1), 21-30.
Gatmon, D., Jackson, D., Koshkarian, L., Martos-Perry, N., Molina, A., Patel, N., & Rodolfa, E. (2001). Exploring ethnic, gender, and sexual orientation variables in supervision: Do they really matter? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29, 102-113. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2001.tb00508.x
Haynes, R., Corey, G., & Moulton, P. (2003). Clinical supervision in the helping professions: A practical guide. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Thompson Learning Henderson, C. E., Cawyer, C. S., & Watkins Jr, C. E. (1999). A comparison of student and supervisor perceptions of effective practicum supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 18(1), 47-74.
Hitzeman, C., Gonsalvez, C. J., Britt, E., & Moses, K. (2019). Clinical psychology trainees’ self versus supervisor assessments of practitioner competencies. Clinical Psychologist, (October 2018), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12183
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
Hoffman, M. A., Hill, C. E., Holmes, S. E., & Freitas, G. F. (2005). Supervisor Perspective on the Process and Outcome of Giving Easy, Difficult, or No Feedback to Supervisees. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 3.
Holloway, E. (1995). Clinical supervision: A systems approach. Sage.
Jacobsen, C. H., & Tanggaard, L. (2009). Beginning therapists’ experiences of what constitutes good and bad psychotherapy supervision. Nordic Psychology, 61(4), 59-84.
Kelly, K., Diamond, E., Davis, S., & Whalen, A. (2019). Supervision in school settings: Maintaining a multicultural and ethical practice. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 13(2), 119.
Kemer, G., & Borders, D. L. (2017). Expert Clinical Supervisors’ Descriptions of Easy and Challenging Supervisees. The Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 9(1), 63–87. https://doi.org/10.7729/91.1151
Kemer, G., Sunal, Z., Li, C., & Burgess, M. (2018). Beginning and expert supervisors’ descriptions of effective and less effective supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 00(00), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2018.1514676
Koçyiğit Özyiğit, M. (2019). An investigation of group supervision process of individual Counseling Practice course: A Case Study. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Ege University, Turkey
Ladany, N. (2002). Psychotherapy supervision: How dressed is the emperor? Psychotherapy Bulletin, 37, 14–18.
Ladany, N. (2014). The ingredients of supervisor failure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70, 1094–1103. doi:10.1002/jclp.22130
Ladany, N., Ellis, M. V., & Friedlander, M. L. (1999). The supervisory working alliance, trainee self‐efficacy, and satisfaction. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77(4), 447-455.
Ladany, N., & Inman, A. G. (2008). Developments in counseling skills training and supervision. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (p. 338–354). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ladany, N., Lehrman-Waterman, D., Molinaro, M., & Wolgast, B. (1999). Psychotherapy supervisor ethical practices: Adherence to guidelines, the supervisory working alliance, and supervisee satisfaction. The Counseling Psychologist, 27(3), 443-475.
Ladany, N., Mori, Y., & Mehr, K. E. (2013). Effective and Ineffective Supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(1), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012442648
Lee, R. W., & Cashwell, C. S. (2002). Ethical issues in counseling supervision: A comparison of university and site supervisors. The Clinical Supervisor, 20(2), 91-100.
Loganbill, C., Hardy, E., & Delworth, U. (1982). Supervision: A conceptual model. The Counseling Psychologist, 10(1), 3-42.
Magnuson, S., Wilcoxon, S. A., & Norem, K. (2000a). A profile of lousy supervision: Experienced counselors’ perspectives. Counselor Education and Supervision, 39, 189-202.
McMahon, M., & Simons, R. (2004). Supervision training for professional counselors: An exploratory study. Counselor Education and Supervision, 43(4), 301-309.
Mcleod, A. L. (2008). A phenomenological investigation of supervisors’ and supervisees’ experiences with attention to cultural ıssues in multicultural supervision. (Doctoral Thesis). Retrieved from Georgia State University https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cps_diss/39
Meydan, B. (2019). Facilitative and Hindering Factors Regarding the Supervisory Relationship Based on Supervisors' and Undergraduate Supervisees' Opinions. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 9(1), 171-208.
Meydan, B., & Denizli, S. (2018). Turkish undergraduate supervisees’ views regarding supervisory relationship. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 18(74), 1-24.
Meydan, B., & Koçyigit, M. (2019). The Supervisory Relationship Experiences of Turkish First-Time and Advanced Supervisees. Qualitative Research in Education, 8(1), 89-121.
Milne, D. L., & James, I. A. (2002). The observed impact of training on competence in clinical supervision. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41(1), 55-72.
Nelson, M. L., Barnes, K. L., Evans, A. L., & Triggiano, P. J. (2008). Working with conflict in clinical supervision: Wise supervisors' perspectives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(2), 172-184
Neufeldt, S. A. (2007). Supervision strategies for the first practicum. American Counseling Association.
O’Donovan, A., Clough, B., & Petch, J. (2017). Is Supervisor Training Effective? A Pilot Investigation of Clinical Supervisor Training Program. Australian Psychologist, 52(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12263
Onwuegbuzie, A.J. & Johnson, R.B. (2006), The validity issue in mixed research. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 48-63
Osborn, C. J., & Davis, T. E. (1996). The supervision contract: Making it perfectly clear. Clinical Supervisor, 14, 121–134.
Pearson, Q. M. (2000). Opportunities and challenges in the supervisory relationship: Implications for counselor supervision. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22(4).
Peake, T. H., Nussbaum, B. D., & Tindell, S. D. (2002). Clinical and counseling supervision references: Trends and needs. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39(1), 114- 125
Proctor, B. (2008). Group supervision: A guide to creative practice. Sage
Rhinehart, A. J. (2015). Lived experiences of beginning counselors in harmful supervision. (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). University of Tennessee, Tennessee, Knoxville. Retrieved from http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss /3460
Rønnestad, M. H., & Skovholt, T. M. (2003). The journey of the counselor and therapist: Research findings and perspectives on professional development. Journal of career development, 30(1), 5-44.
Smith, R. D., Erickson Cornish, J. A., & Riva, M. T. (2014). Contracting for group supervision. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 8(4), 236.
Stevens;, D. T., Goodyear, R., & Robertson, P. (1998). Supervisor Development An Exploratory Study in Changes in Stance and Emphasis, 16(2), 73–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v16n02_05
Stoltenberg, C. (1981). Approaching supervision from a developmental perspective: The counselor complexity model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(1), 59- 65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.1.59
Sutter, E., McPherson, R. H., & Geeseman, R. (2002). Contracting for supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(5), 495-498
Trepal, H. C., & Hammer, T. R. (2014). Critical incidents in supervision training: Doctoral students’ perspectives. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 41(1), 29-41.
Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (2008). Quality inferences in mixed methods research, in Bergman, M. (Ed.), Advances in Mixed Methods Research: Theories and Applications, (pp. 101-19). Sage, London,
Tezer, E. (2004, June). Supervision: Goals, models and ethics. Paper presented at the Clinical Supervision for Practitioners symposiums of the Foundation for the Advancement of Counseling in Higher Education, Ankara, Turkey
Tracey, T. J., Ellickson, J. L., & Sherry, P. (1989). Reactance in relation to different supervisory environments and counselor development. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(3), 336-344
Townend, M., Iannetta, L., & Freeston, M. H. (2002). Clinical supervision in practice: A survey of UK cognitive behavioral psychotherapists accredited by the BABCP. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(4), 485-500 DOI: 10.1017/S1352465802004095
Watkins, C. E. (1993). Development of the psychotherapy supervisor: Concepts, assumptions, and hypotheses of the supervisor complexity model. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 47(1), 58-74.
Watkins, C. E. (Ed.). (1997). Handbook of psychotherapy supervision. New York: Wiley.
Wichmann-Hansen, G., Thomsen, R., & Nordentoft, H. M. (2015). Challenges in collective academic supervision: Supervisors’ experiences from a Master Programme in Guidance and Counselling. Higher Education, 70(1), 19-33.
Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2006). Changes in supervision as counselors and supervisors gain experience: A review. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, S(2), 133–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3918.S.2.133
Worthington, E. L., & Roehlke, H. J. (1979). Effective supervision as perceived by beginning counselors-in-training. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 26(1), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.26.1.64
Wulf, J. & Nelson, M. L. (2000). Experienced psychologists' recollections of internship supervision and its contributions to their development. The Clinical Supervisor, 19(2), 123-145. doi: 10.1300/J001v19n02_07

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Other Fields of Education

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Melike Koçyiğit Özyiğit ^*
0000-0002-1446-9761
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 1, 2022

Submission Date

February 25, 2022

Acceptance Date

June 22, 2022

Published in Issue

Year 2022 Volume: 9 Number: 5

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.116.9.5

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA76JJ55JD

APA

Koçyiğit Özyiğit, M. (2022). Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective. Participatory Educational Research, 9(5), 305-329. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.116.9.5

AMA

1.Koçyiğit Özyiğit M. Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective. PER. 2022;9(5):305-329. doi:10.17275/per.22.116.9.5

Chicago

Koçyiğit Özyiğit, Melike. 2022. “Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective”. Participatory Educational Research 9 (5): 305-29. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.116.9.5.

EndNote

Koçyiğit Özyiğit M (September 1, 2022) Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective. Participatory Educational Research 9 5 305–329.

IEEE

[1]M. Koçyiğit Özyiğit, “Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective”, PER, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 305–329, Sept. 2022, doi: 10.17275/per.22.116.9.5.

ISNAD

Koçyiğit Özyiğit, Melike. “Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective”. Participatory Educational Research 9/5 (September 1, 2022): 305-329. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.116.9.5.

JAMA

1.Koçyiğit Özyiğit M. Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective. PER. 2022;9:305–329.

MLA

Koçyiğit Özyiğit, Melike. “Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective”. Participatory Educational Research, vol. 9, no. 5, Sept. 2022, pp. 305-29, doi:10.17275/per.22.116.9.5.

Vancouver

1.Melike Koçyiğit Özyiğit. Challenges and Ethical Issues in Counseling Supervision from Faculty Supervisors’ Perspective. PER. 2022 Sep. 1;9(5):305-29. doi:10.17275/per.22.116.9.5