Year 2022,
Volume: 9 Issue: 6, 41 - 65, 01.11.2022
Aslıhan Karabulut
,
Yesim Kesli Dollar
References
- Allard, E. C. (2017). Re-examining teacher translanguaging: An ecological perspective. Bilingual Research Journal, 40 (2), 116-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15235882.2017.1306597
- Baker, C. (2001). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism (3rd ed.). Multilingual Matters.
- Baker, C. (2004). Biliteracy and transliteracy in Wales: Language planning and the Welsh. In N. Hornberger (Ed.), Continua of biliteracy: An ecological framework for educational policy, research and practice in multilingual settings. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853596568-007
- Canagarajah, A. S. (2011). Codemeshing in academic writing: Identifying teachable strategies of translanguaging. The Modern Language Journal, 95 (3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01207.x
- Carstens, A. (2016). Translanguaging as a vehicle for L2 acquisition and L1 development: students’ perceptions. Language Matters, 42 (7), 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10228195.2016.1153135.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education. Routledge.
- Council of Europe (n.d.). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Language Cambridge University Press. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc1bf
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
- De la Colina, A. A., & Mayo, M. del P. G. (2009). Oral interaction in task-based EFL learning: The use of the L1 as a cognitive tool. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 47 (3-4), 325-345. https://doi.org/10.1515/ iral.2009.014.
- Espinosa, C., Ascenzi-Morano, L., & Vogel, S. (2016). A translanguaging pedagogy for writing: A CUNY-SYIEB guide for educators. The Graduate Center, The City University of New York. https://www.cuny-nysieb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/TLG-Pe.dagogy-Writing-04-15-16.pdf
- Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). Sage.
- Fu, D. (2003). An island of English. Heinemann.
- García, O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. Basil/Blackwell.
- García, O. (2012). Bilingual community education: Beyond heritage language education and bilingual education in New York. In O. García, Z. Zakharia, and B. Otcu (eds.), Bilingual community education and multilingualism: Beyond heritage languages in a global city. Multilingual Matters, 3-42. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847698018-003
- García, O., Johnson, S., & Seltzer, K. (2017). The Translanguaging classroom. Leveraging student bilingualism for learning. Caslon.
- Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Mason, L. (2005). Improving the writing performance, knowledge, and self-efficacy of struggling young writers: The effects of self-regulated strategy development. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 30 (2), 207-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.08.001
- Hornberger, N. H. (1990). Creating successful contexts for bilingual literacy. Teachers College Record, 92 (2), 212-229.
- Hornberger, N. H. (2005). Opening and filling up implementational and ideological spaces in heritage language education. Modern Language Journal, 89 (4), 605-609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00331.x
- Jiménez, R. T., García, G. E., & Pearson, P. D. (1996). The reading strategies of bilingual Latina/o students who are successful English readers: Opportunities and obstacles. Reading Research Quarterly, 31 (1), 90-112. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.31.1.5
- Kano, N. (2012). Translanguaging as a process and a pedagogical tool for Japanese students in an English writing course in New York [Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University]. ProQuest https://www.proquest.com/openview/9d8cce8c394683fcca9710120bb42d59/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
- Ke, I., & Lin, S. (2017). A Translanguaging approach to TESOL in Taiwan. English Teaching and Learning, 41 (1), 33-61. https://doi.org/10.6330/ETL.2017.41.1.02
- Kibler, A. (2010). Writing through two languages: First language expertise in a language minority classroom. Journal of Second Language Writing, 19 (3), 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2010.04.0001
- Lewis G., Jones B., & Baker, C. (2012). Translanguaging: developing its conceptualisation and contextualization. Educational Research and Evaluation, 18 (7), 655-670. https://doi.org/18 655–670 10.1080/13803611.2012.718490.
- Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2005). Second language research: Methodology and design, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Makalela, L. (2015). Moving out of linguistic boxes: The effects of translanguaging strategies for multilingual classrooms. Language and Education, 29 (3), 200-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2014.994524
- Mbirimi-Hungwe, V. (2016). Translanguaging as a strategy for group work: Summary writing as a measure for reading comprehension among university students. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 34 (3), 241-249. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2016.1250352.
- Mellow, J. D., Reeder, K., & Forster, E. (1996). Using time-series research designs to investigate the effects of instruction on SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18 (3), 325-350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100015059
- Motlhaka, H. A., & Makalela, L. (2016). Translanguaging in an academic writing class: Implications for a dialogic pedagogy. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 34 (3), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2016.1250356.
- Nambisan, K. A. (2014). Teachers' attitudes towards and uses of translanguaging in English language classrooms in Iowa [Master’s thesis, Iowa State University]. Iowa State University Digital Repository.
- Palfreyman, D. M., & Van der Walt, C. (2017). Academic biliteracies: Multilingual repertoires on higher education. Multilingual Matters.
- Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Sage.
- Saldana, J. (2013). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Sage Publications.
- Sayer, P. (2008). Demystifying language mixing: Spanglish in school. Journal of Latinos and Education, 7 (2), 94-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348430701827030
- Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2009). Social Justice through Multilingual Education. Multilingual Matters.
- Stathopoulou, M. (2016). From ‘languaging’ to ‘translanguaging’: Reconsidering foreign language teaching and testing through a multilingual lens. In Selected Papers of the 21st International Symposium on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (ISTAL 21), 759-774. https://doi.org/10.26262/istal.v21i0.5267
- Thierry, G. (2016). Questions of multi-competence. In V. Cook and W. Li (Eds.). The Cambridge handbook of multi-competence (521–532). Cambridge University Press.
- Turnbull, B. (2016). Reframing foreign language learning as bilingual education: epistemological changes towards the emergent bilingual. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 21 (8), 1041-1048. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050. 2016.1238866
- Velasco, P., & García, O. (2014). Translanguaging and the writing of bilingual learners. Bilingual Research Journal, 37 (1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/152358 82.2014.893270
- Wei, L. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39 (1), 9-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx044
- West, R., Güven, A., Parry, J., Ergenekon, T., Aşık, G., Aydın, İ., Başıboş, S., Çankırılı, M., Doğan, M., Doğanay, C., Kulaksız, A., Öktem, A. G., Özdoğan, İ., Özen Nas, E., & Yılmaz, B. (2015). The State of English in Higher Education in Turkey. British Council and TEPAV.
- Williams, C. (1994). Arfarniad o ddulliau dysgu ac addysgu yng nghyd-destun addysg uwchradd ddwyieithog [An evaluation of teaching and learning methods in the context of bilingual secondary education] [Doctoral dissertation, University of Wales]. Prifysgol Bangor University Theses.
The Use of Translanguaging Pedagogy in Writing Classes of Turkish EFL Learners
Year 2022,
Volume: 9 Issue: 6, 41 - 65, 01.11.2022
Aslıhan Karabulut
,
Yesim Kesli Dollar
Abstract
Despite the blurred boundaries among languages and classroom evidence contrary to the implementation of monolingual pedagogies, the dominance of monolingual policies for teaching foreign languages continues to persist. To provide foreign language learners with an appropriate bilingual pedagogy and target one of the most challenging second language (L2) skills, this study aimed to explore the role of translanguaging pedagogy (TP) in writing classes and participants’ perceptions regarding its implementation in English as a foreign language (EFL) context. The participants (n=63) at the English prep school of a state university were assigned as one control and two experimental groups. Throughout one semester, the first experimental group was exposed to TP in their writing classes, whereas the second one learned writing through the translanguaging instructional cycle excluding their mother tongue (L1). The control group had product-focused English-only writing classes. Quantitative data collected via four in-class writing tasks (WTs) from three groups were analysed using inferential statistics. A weekly questionnaire regarding the first experimental groups’ perceptions of TP was conducted. The results revealed significant gains in task achievement, lexical and grammatical range and accuracy, and cohesion and coherence favouring TP and the participants found the implementation of TP useful in helping them improve in a variety of aspects in their English writing classes.
References
- Allard, E. C. (2017). Re-examining teacher translanguaging: An ecological perspective. Bilingual Research Journal, 40 (2), 116-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15235882.2017.1306597
- Baker, C. (2001). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism (3rd ed.). Multilingual Matters.
- Baker, C. (2004). Biliteracy and transliteracy in Wales: Language planning and the Welsh. In N. Hornberger (Ed.), Continua of biliteracy: An ecological framework for educational policy, research and practice in multilingual settings. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853596568-007
- Canagarajah, A. S. (2011). Codemeshing in academic writing: Identifying teachable strategies of translanguaging. The Modern Language Journal, 95 (3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01207.x
- Carstens, A. (2016). Translanguaging as a vehicle for L2 acquisition and L1 development: students’ perceptions. Language Matters, 42 (7), 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10228195.2016.1153135.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education. Routledge.
- Council of Europe (n.d.). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Language Cambridge University Press. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc1bf
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
- De la Colina, A. A., & Mayo, M. del P. G. (2009). Oral interaction in task-based EFL learning: The use of the L1 as a cognitive tool. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 47 (3-4), 325-345. https://doi.org/10.1515/ iral.2009.014.
- Espinosa, C., Ascenzi-Morano, L., & Vogel, S. (2016). A translanguaging pedagogy for writing: A CUNY-SYIEB guide for educators. The Graduate Center, The City University of New York. https://www.cuny-nysieb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/TLG-Pe.dagogy-Writing-04-15-16.pdf
- Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). Sage.
- Fu, D. (2003). An island of English. Heinemann.
- García, O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. Basil/Blackwell.
- García, O. (2012). Bilingual community education: Beyond heritage language education and bilingual education in New York. In O. García, Z. Zakharia, and B. Otcu (eds.), Bilingual community education and multilingualism: Beyond heritage languages in a global city. Multilingual Matters, 3-42. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847698018-003
- García, O., Johnson, S., & Seltzer, K. (2017). The Translanguaging classroom. Leveraging student bilingualism for learning. Caslon.
- Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Mason, L. (2005). Improving the writing performance, knowledge, and self-efficacy of struggling young writers: The effects of self-regulated strategy development. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 30 (2), 207-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.08.001
- Hornberger, N. H. (1990). Creating successful contexts for bilingual literacy. Teachers College Record, 92 (2), 212-229.
- Hornberger, N. H. (2005). Opening and filling up implementational and ideological spaces in heritage language education. Modern Language Journal, 89 (4), 605-609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00331.x
- Jiménez, R. T., García, G. E., & Pearson, P. D. (1996). The reading strategies of bilingual Latina/o students who are successful English readers: Opportunities and obstacles. Reading Research Quarterly, 31 (1), 90-112. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.31.1.5
- Kano, N. (2012). Translanguaging as a process and a pedagogical tool for Japanese students in an English writing course in New York [Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University]. ProQuest https://www.proquest.com/openview/9d8cce8c394683fcca9710120bb42d59/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
- Ke, I., & Lin, S. (2017). A Translanguaging approach to TESOL in Taiwan. English Teaching and Learning, 41 (1), 33-61. https://doi.org/10.6330/ETL.2017.41.1.02
- Kibler, A. (2010). Writing through two languages: First language expertise in a language minority classroom. Journal of Second Language Writing, 19 (3), 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2010.04.0001
- Lewis G., Jones B., & Baker, C. (2012). Translanguaging: developing its conceptualisation and contextualization. Educational Research and Evaluation, 18 (7), 655-670. https://doi.org/18 655–670 10.1080/13803611.2012.718490.
- Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2005). Second language research: Methodology and design, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Makalela, L. (2015). Moving out of linguistic boxes: The effects of translanguaging strategies for multilingual classrooms. Language and Education, 29 (3), 200-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2014.994524
- Mbirimi-Hungwe, V. (2016). Translanguaging as a strategy for group work: Summary writing as a measure for reading comprehension among university students. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 34 (3), 241-249. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2016.1250352.
- Mellow, J. D., Reeder, K., & Forster, E. (1996). Using time-series research designs to investigate the effects of instruction on SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18 (3), 325-350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100015059
- Motlhaka, H. A., & Makalela, L. (2016). Translanguaging in an academic writing class: Implications for a dialogic pedagogy. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 34 (3), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2016.1250356.
- Nambisan, K. A. (2014). Teachers' attitudes towards and uses of translanguaging in English language classrooms in Iowa [Master’s thesis, Iowa State University]. Iowa State University Digital Repository.
- Palfreyman, D. M., & Van der Walt, C. (2017). Academic biliteracies: Multilingual repertoires on higher education. Multilingual Matters.
- Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Sage.
- Saldana, J. (2013). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Sage Publications.
- Sayer, P. (2008). Demystifying language mixing: Spanglish in school. Journal of Latinos and Education, 7 (2), 94-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348430701827030
- Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2009). Social Justice through Multilingual Education. Multilingual Matters.
- Stathopoulou, M. (2016). From ‘languaging’ to ‘translanguaging’: Reconsidering foreign language teaching and testing through a multilingual lens. In Selected Papers of the 21st International Symposium on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (ISTAL 21), 759-774. https://doi.org/10.26262/istal.v21i0.5267
- Thierry, G. (2016). Questions of multi-competence. In V. Cook and W. Li (Eds.). The Cambridge handbook of multi-competence (521–532). Cambridge University Press.
- Turnbull, B. (2016). Reframing foreign language learning as bilingual education: epistemological changes towards the emergent bilingual. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 21 (8), 1041-1048. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050. 2016.1238866
- Velasco, P., & García, O. (2014). Translanguaging and the writing of bilingual learners. Bilingual Research Journal, 37 (1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/152358 82.2014.893270
- Wei, L. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39 (1), 9-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx044
- West, R., Güven, A., Parry, J., Ergenekon, T., Aşık, G., Aydın, İ., Başıboş, S., Çankırılı, M., Doğan, M., Doğanay, C., Kulaksız, A., Öktem, A. G., Özdoğan, İ., Özen Nas, E., & Yılmaz, B. (2015). The State of English in Higher Education in Turkey. British Council and TEPAV.
- Williams, C. (1994). Arfarniad o ddulliau dysgu ac addysgu yng nghyd-destun addysg uwchradd ddwyieithog [An evaluation of teaching and learning methods in the context of bilingual secondary education] [Doctoral dissertation, University of Wales]. Prifysgol Bangor University Theses.