Research Article

Retraction: Beyond The Lecture Hall: Exploring Informal Learning Spaces as Catalysts for Interpersonal Relationships, Student Well-Being and Campus Satisfaction in Higher Education Institutions

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 37 - 56, 01.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.18.11.2
This article was retracted on November 1, 2024. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/per/issue/87474/1579874

Abstract

Informal learning spaces have gained recognition as catalysts for student co-creation and engagement in higher education institutions. This study investigates the relationship between the availability and accessibility of informal learning spaces on campus and its influence on university belongingness, interpersonal relationships, student well-being, and university campus satisfaction. Mixed-method approach incorporating interviews and survey has been used in the study. Through qualitative research methods, including interviews with stakeholders, we explored the informal learning spaces at Mykolas Romeris University (MRU). The findings highlight that MRU offers a variety of spaces for both collaborative and focused learning, which are characterized by inclusivity, accessibility, digitalization, and availability for students. Guided by two research hypotheses, the quantitative part of the study examines the extent to which the availability and accessibility of informal learning spaces impact these key variables. The survey revealed a positive perception among respondents regarding the availability, accessibility, and satisfaction with informal learning spaces. Moreover, the study indicates that higher availability and accessibility of informal learning spaces on campus can significantly influence students' university belongingness and well-being. This paper contributes to the field by examining informal learning spaces from a holistic perspective that encompasses both students and stakeholders.

Supporting Institution

European Commission

Project Number

2021-1-AT01-KA220-HED-000032122

References

  • Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
  • Altunoğlu, A. (2020). Applicability of Inclusiveness in Higher Education. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(27), 672-699. doi: https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.755015
  • Augeri, J. & Kajita, S. (2017). Trends and Outcomes of the Innovative Physical Learning Spaces: An International Comparative Approach. Information Processing Society of Japan, 42, 264-270.
  • Barrot, J.S., Llenares, I.I. & del Rosario, L.S. (2021). Students’ online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines. Educational Information Technology 26, 7321–7338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10589-x
  • Başoğlu, E. B., & Akdemir, Ö. (2010). A comparison of undergraduate students' English vocabulary learning: Using mobile phones and flash cards. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 9(3), 1-7.
  • Baticulon, R.E., Sy, J.J., Alberto, N.R.I. et al. (2021). Barriers to Online Learning in the Time of COVID-19: A National Survey of Medical Students in the Philippines. Medical Science Educator. 31, 615–626. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01231-z
  • Beckers, R., van der Voordt, T. & Dewulf, G. (2016). Learning space preferences of higher education students. Building and Environment 104, 243-252.
  • Berman, N. (2020). A critical examination of informal learning spaces. Higher education research and development, 39(1), 127–140. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1670147
  • Buono, M., Capece, S. & Giugliano, G. (2021). Design to configure new rooms and adaptive learning spaces. Revista Científico-Académica Internacional de Innovación, Investigación y Desarrollo en Diseño, 16, 107-124. doi: https://doi.org/10.24310/Idiseno.2021.v16i.12804
  • Benigno, V., Caruso, G., Ravicchio, F., Repetto, M., & Trentin, G. (2015). Spazi ibridi di apprendimento e inclusione socio-educativa. In STUDIO ERGO LAVORO-dalla società della conoscenza alla società delle competenze--DIDAMATICA 2015 (pp. 415-422). AICA.
  • Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education (2022). Higher Education. Retrieved from: https://www.skvc.lt/default/en/education-in-lithuania/higher
  • Çetinkale Demirkan, G. (2020). University Students’ Use of Campus Open and Green Spaces and Their Satisfaction. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(1), 39-52. doi: 10.20289/zfdergi.587277
  • Delamare Le Deist, F., Winterton, J. (2005). What Is Competence? Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 27-46.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49 (1), 71-75.
  • Dinç Uyaroğlu, İ. (2019). Evaluation of current accessibility implementations in public spaces in Turkey from intellectual, architectural, and legal aspects. SETSCI Conference Proceedings, 4 (3), 402-405.
  • Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
  • Gaižauskaitė, I., Mikėnė, S. (2014). Socialinių tyrimų metodai: apklausa. Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas.
  • Gapinski, A. J. (2018). Assessment of effectiveness of teamwork skills learning in collaborative learning. Journal of Management & Engineering Integration, 11(2), 1-15.
  • Graneheim, U. H., Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today; 24(2), 105-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001.
  • Günüç, S., & Kuzu, A. (2014). Factors influencing student engagement and the role of technology in student engagement in higher education: campus-class-technology theory. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 5(4), 86-113. doi: https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.44261
  • Harrop, D. & Turpin, B. (2013). A Study Exploring Learners' Informal Learning Space Behaviors, Attitudes, and Preferences, New Review of Academic Librarianship, 19:1, 58-77. doi: 10.1080/13614533.2013.740961
  • Hsu, C. H. C., Chin, D. C. W. & Yau, O. K. T. (2022). Usage of Informal Learning Spaces among Students from Academic Units with versus without Dedicated Buildings on Campus. Journal of Learning Spaces, 11(1), 1-12.
  • Jagadish, D. (2014). Grouping in collaborative e-learning environment based on interaction among students. In 2014 International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Technology (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
  • Jaggars, S. S., Motz, B. A., Rivera, M. D., Heckler, A., Quick, J. D., Hance, E. A., & Karwisch, C. (2021). The Digital Divide among College Students: Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Emergency Transition. Policy Report. Midwestern Higher Education Compact.
  • Jucevičienė, P., & Tautkevičienė, G. (2004). Universiteto bibliotekos mokymosi aplinkos samprata. Pedagogika, 101-105.
  • Koning, M., Kim, J. H., Saeidi-Rizi, F., & Durst, N. (2022). The role of the campus outdoor environment on university student mental health. Journal of People, Plants, and Environment, 25(3), 263-272.
  • Lai, J., & Widmar, N. O. (2021). Revisiting the digital divide in the COVID‐19 era. Applied economic perspectives and policy, 43(1), 458-464.
  • Lee, R. L. T. & Loke, A. J. T. Y. (2005). Health-promoting behaviors and psychosocial well-being of university students in Hong Kong. Public Health Nursing, 22(3), 209-20. doi: 10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220304.x.
  • Lundström, A., Savolainen, J., & Kostiainen, E. (2016). Case study: developing campus spaces through co-creation. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(6), 409-426.
  • Mäkelä, T., & Leinonen, T. (2021). Design framework and principles for learning environment co-design: Synthesis from literature and three empirical studies. Buildings, 11(12), 581.
  • McInnerney, J. M., & Roberts, T. S. (2004). Online learning: Social interaction and the creation of a sense of community. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 7(3), 73-81.
  • Mozzon-McPherson, M. (2007). Supporting independent learning environments: An analysis of structures and roles of language learning advisers. System, 35(1), 66-92.
  • Nuñez, J. (2021). Lived experience of overcoming the feeling of isolation in distance learning in the Philippines: A phenomenological inquiry. Pakistan Journal of Distance and Online Learning, 7(2), 55-68.
  • Oblinger, D. & Lippincott, J. (2006) Learning Spaces; Educause: Boulder, CO, USA, 2006.
  • OECD (2020). The potential of online learning for adults: Early lessons from the COVID-19 crisis. OECD Publishing.
  • Riddle, M. D. & Souter, K. (2012). Designing informal learning spaces using student perspectives. Journal of Learning Spaces, 1(2), n2.
  • Salihoğlu, T., & Açikgöz, F. K. (2021). Quality of Student Life in University Campuses: Case of Gebze Technical University in Çayırova, 4(1), 53-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.826763
  • Sarıçoban, A., & Özturan, T. (2012). Vocabulary learning on move: An investigation of mobile assisted vocabulary learning effect over students’ success and attitude. The Journal of Ekev Akademi, 17(54), 213–224.
  • Statistics of Lithuania (2022) Higher education. Retrieved from: https://osp.stat.gov.lt/lietuvos-svietimas-kultura-ir-sportas-2021/aukstasis-mokslas
  • Storey, C. (2015). Commons consent: Librarians, architects and community culture in co-creating academic library learning spaces. Library Management, 36(8/9), 570-583.
  • Sun, N., Liu, W., & Zheng, Z. (2023). Campus outdoor environment, learning engagement, and the mental health of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: From the perspective of students in different grades. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1143635.
  • Valtonen, T., Leppänen, U., Hyypiä, M., Kokko, A., Manninen, J., Vartiainen, H., Sointu, E. & Hirsto, L. (2021). Learning environments preferred by university students: a shift toward informal and flexible learning environments. Learning Environments Research, 24, 371-388.
  • Van den Bogerd, N., Dijkstra, S. C., Koole, S. L., Seidell, J.C. & Maas, J. (2021). Greening the room: A quasi-experimental study on the presence of potted plants in study rooms on mood, cognitive performance, and perceived environmental quality among university students. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 73, 101557. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101557
  • Vanichvatana, S. (2019). Investigation of student’s preferences for off-campus informal learning spaces: The case of business school students in Bangkok. Cypriot Journal of Educational Science. 14(4), 590–600. doi: https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v11i4.4386
  • Wang, J. (2020). A Study on the Construction of Informal Learning Spaces (ILSs) on University Campuses in China. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 960. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/960/2/022022
  • Wu, X., Kou, Z., Oldfield, P., Heath, T. & Borsi, K. (2021). Informal Learning Spaces in Higher Education: Student Preferences and Activities. Buildings, 11, 252. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060252
  • Yang, D., Lavonen, J. M., & Niemi, H. (2018). Online learning engagement: Factors and results-evidence from literature. Themes in eLearning, 11(1), 1-22.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2015). Landscape Design of a Campus Outdoor Spaces: Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Forestry Building. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 15(2), 297-307. doi: https://doi.org/10.17475/kuofd.87088
  • Yorke, M. (2016). The development and initial use of a survey of student ‘belongingness’, engagement and self-confidence in UK higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(1), 154-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2014.990415

Retraction:

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 37 - 56, 01.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.18.11.2
This article was retracted on November 1, 2024. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/per/issue/87474/1579874

Abstract

Project Number

2021-1-AT01-KA220-HED-000032122

References

  • Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
  • Altunoğlu, A. (2020). Applicability of Inclusiveness in Higher Education. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(27), 672-699. doi: https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.755015
  • Augeri, J. & Kajita, S. (2017). Trends and Outcomes of the Innovative Physical Learning Spaces: An International Comparative Approach. Information Processing Society of Japan, 42, 264-270.
  • Barrot, J.S., Llenares, I.I. & del Rosario, L.S. (2021). Students’ online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines. Educational Information Technology 26, 7321–7338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10589-x
  • Başoğlu, E. B., & Akdemir, Ö. (2010). A comparison of undergraduate students' English vocabulary learning: Using mobile phones and flash cards. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 9(3), 1-7.
  • Baticulon, R.E., Sy, J.J., Alberto, N.R.I. et al. (2021). Barriers to Online Learning in the Time of COVID-19: A National Survey of Medical Students in the Philippines. Medical Science Educator. 31, 615–626. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01231-z
  • Beckers, R., van der Voordt, T. & Dewulf, G. (2016). Learning space preferences of higher education students. Building and Environment 104, 243-252.
  • Berman, N. (2020). A critical examination of informal learning spaces. Higher education research and development, 39(1), 127–140. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1670147
  • Buono, M., Capece, S. & Giugliano, G. (2021). Design to configure new rooms and adaptive learning spaces. Revista Científico-Académica Internacional de Innovación, Investigación y Desarrollo en Diseño, 16, 107-124. doi: https://doi.org/10.24310/Idiseno.2021.v16i.12804
  • Benigno, V., Caruso, G., Ravicchio, F., Repetto, M., & Trentin, G. (2015). Spazi ibridi di apprendimento e inclusione socio-educativa. In STUDIO ERGO LAVORO-dalla società della conoscenza alla società delle competenze--DIDAMATICA 2015 (pp. 415-422). AICA.
  • Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education (2022). Higher Education. Retrieved from: https://www.skvc.lt/default/en/education-in-lithuania/higher
  • Çetinkale Demirkan, G. (2020). University Students’ Use of Campus Open and Green Spaces and Their Satisfaction. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(1), 39-52. doi: 10.20289/zfdergi.587277
  • Delamare Le Deist, F., Winterton, J. (2005). What Is Competence? Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 27-46.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49 (1), 71-75.
  • Dinç Uyaroğlu, İ. (2019). Evaluation of current accessibility implementations in public spaces in Turkey from intellectual, architectural, and legal aspects. SETSCI Conference Proceedings, 4 (3), 402-405.
  • Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
  • Gaižauskaitė, I., Mikėnė, S. (2014). Socialinių tyrimų metodai: apklausa. Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas.
  • Gapinski, A. J. (2018). Assessment of effectiveness of teamwork skills learning in collaborative learning. Journal of Management & Engineering Integration, 11(2), 1-15.
  • Graneheim, U. H., Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today; 24(2), 105-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001.
  • Günüç, S., & Kuzu, A. (2014). Factors influencing student engagement and the role of technology in student engagement in higher education: campus-class-technology theory. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 5(4), 86-113. doi: https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.44261
  • Harrop, D. & Turpin, B. (2013). A Study Exploring Learners' Informal Learning Space Behaviors, Attitudes, and Preferences, New Review of Academic Librarianship, 19:1, 58-77. doi: 10.1080/13614533.2013.740961
  • Hsu, C. H. C., Chin, D. C. W. & Yau, O. K. T. (2022). Usage of Informal Learning Spaces among Students from Academic Units with versus without Dedicated Buildings on Campus. Journal of Learning Spaces, 11(1), 1-12.
  • Jagadish, D. (2014). Grouping in collaborative e-learning environment based on interaction among students. In 2014 International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Technology (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
  • Jaggars, S. S., Motz, B. A., Rivera, M. D., Heckler, A., Quick, J. D., Hance, E. A., & Karwisch, C. (2021). The Digital Divide among College Students: Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Emergency Transition. Policy Report. Midwestern Higher Education Compact.
  • Jucevičienė, P., & Tautkevičienė, G. (2004). Universiteto bibliotekos mokymosi aplinkos samprata. Pedagogika, 101-105.
  • Koning, M., Kim, J. H., Saeidi-Rizi, F., & Durst, N. (2022). The role of the campus outdoor environment on university student mental health. Journal of People, Plants, and Environment, 25(3), 263-272.
  • Lai, J., & Widmar, N. O. (2021). Revisiting the digital divide in the COVID‐19 era. Applied economic perspectives and policy, 43(1), 458-464.
  • Lee, R. L. T. & Loke, A. J. T. Y. (2005). Health-promoting behaviors and psychosocial well-being of university students in Hong Kong. Public Health Nursing, 22(3), 209-20. doi: 10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220304.x.
  • Lundström, A., Savolainen, J., & Kostiainen, E. (2016). Case study: developing campus spaces through co-creation. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(6), 409-426.
  • Mäkelä, T., & Leinonen, T. (2021). Design framework and principles for learning environment co-design: Synthesis from literature and three empirical studies. Buildings, 11(12), 581.
  • McInnerney, J. M., & Roberts, T. S. (2004). Online learning: Social interaction and the creation of a sense of community. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 7(3), 73-81.
  • Mozzon-McPherson, M. (2007). Supporting independent learning environments: An analysis of structures and roles of language learning advisers. System, 35(1), 66-92.
  • Nuñez, J. (2021). Lived experience of overcoming the feeling of isolation in distance learning in the Philippines: A phenomenological inquiry. Pakistan Journal of Distance and Online Learning, 7(2), 55-68.
  • Oblinger, D. & Lippincott, J. (2006) Learning Spaces; Educause: Boulder, CO, USA, 2006.
  • OECD (2020). The potential of online learning for adults: Early lessons from the COVID-19 crisis. OECD Publishing.
  • Riddle, M. D. & Souter, K. (2012). Designing informal learning spaces using student perspectives. Journal of Learning Spaces, 1(2), n2.
  • Salihoğlu, T., & Açikgöz, F. K. (2021). Quality of Student Life in University Campuses: Case of Gebze Technical University in Çayırova, 4(1), 53-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.826763
  • Sarıçoban, A., & Özturan, T. (2012). Vocabulary learning on move: An investigation of mobile assisted vocabulary learning effect over students’ success and attitude. The Journal of Ekev Akademi, 17(54), 213–224.
  • Statistics of Lithuania (2022) Higher education. Retrieved from: https://osp.stat.gov.lt/lietuvos-svietimas-kultura-ir-sportas-2021/aukstasis-mokslas
  • Storey, C. (2015). Commons consent: Librarians, architects and community culture in co-creating academic library learning spaces. Library Management, 36(8/9), 570-583.
  • Sun, N., Liu, W., & Zheng, Z. (2023). Campus outdoor environment, learning engagement, and the mental health of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: From the perspective of students in different grades. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1143635.
  • Valtonen, T., Leppänen, U., Hyypiä, M., Kokko, A., Manninen, J., Vartiainen, H., Sointu, E. & Hirsto, L. (2021). Learning environments preferred by university students: a shift toward informal and flexible learning environments. Learning Environments Research, 24, 371-388.
  • Van den Bogerd, N., Dijkstra, S. C., Koole, S. L., Seidell, J.C. & Maas, J. (2021). Greening the room: A quasi-experimental study on the presence of potted plants in study rooms on mood, cognitive performance, and perceived environmental quality among university students. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 73, 101557. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101557
  • Vanichvatana, S. (2019). Investigation of student’s preferences for off-campus informal learning spaces: The case of business school students in Bangkok. Cypriot Journal of Educational Science. 14(4), 590–600. doi: https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v11i4.4386
  • Wang, J. (2020). A Study on the Construction of Informal Learning Spaces (ILSs) on University Campuses in China. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 960. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/960/2/022022
  • Wu, X., Kou, Z., Oldfield, P., Heath, T. & Borsi, K. (2021). Informal Learning Spaces in Higher Education: Student Preferences and Activities. Buildings, 11, 252. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060252
  • Yang, D., Lavonen, J. M., & Niemi, H. (2018). Online learning engagement: Factors and results-evidence from literature. Themes in eLearning, 11(1), 1-22.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2015). Landscape Design of a Campus Outdoor Spaces: Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Forestry Building. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 15(2), 297-307. doi: https://doi.org/10.17475/kuofd.87088
  • Yorke, M. (2016). The development and initial use of a survey of student ‘belongingness’, engagement and self-confidence in UK higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(1), 154-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2014.990415
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Specialist Studies in Education (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Monika Maciuliene 0000-0002-8527-7468

Gintarė Gulevičiūtė This is me 0000-0003-1896-0889

Aelita Skaržauskienė This is me 0000-0003-1606-0676

Project Number 2021-1-AT01-KA220-HED-000032122
Early Pub Date February 29, 2024
Publication Date March 1, 2024
Acceptance Date December 21, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 2