Year 2025,
Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 251 - 267, 01.07.2025
Gülcan Yılmaz
,
Tutku Başöz
References
-
Akyıldız, S. (2020). The relationship between students' grit levels and success in Turkish EFL context (Master's thesis, Çağ University Institute of Social Sciences).
-
Alamer, A. (2021). Grit and language learning: construct validation of L2-Grit scale and its relation to later vocabulary knowledge. Educational Psychology, 41(5), 544-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1867076
-
Badiei, G., Noughabi, M. A., & Amirian, S. K. (2023). Foreign language peace of mind, foreign language enjoyment, and perceived language proficiency: The mediating role of L2 grit. English Teaching & Learning, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-023-00163-8
-
Botes, E., Azari Noughabi, M., Amirian, S. M. R., & Greiff, S. (2024). New wine in new bottles? L2 Grit in comparison to domain-general grit, conscientiousness, and cognitive ability as a predictor of language learning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2294120
-
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
-
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Academy.
-
Demir, Y. (2024). L2 grit: A structured approach to preliminary biblio-systematic review. System, 123, 103353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103353
-
Ding, F., Wu, Y., & Chen, M. (2025). Grit and foreign language achievement among Chinese university EFL students: a mixed-methods approach. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2024-0039
-
Dong, L. (2024). Longitudinal Relationship between L2 Grit and Motivational Regulation Strategy in University Second Language Learning: An Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model Study. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 53(3), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-024-10084-7
-
Duckworth, A. (2016). Grit: The power of passion and perseverance (Vol. 234). Scribner.
-
Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-control and grit: Related but separable determinants of success. Current directions in psychological science, 23(5), 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414541462
-
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(6), 1087. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
-
Ebn-Abbasi, F., Fattahi, N., Noughabi, M. A., & Botes, E. (2024). The strength of self and L2 willingness to communicate: The role of L2 grit, ideal L2 self and language mindset. System, 123, 103334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103334
-
Ebn-Abbasi F, Nushi M and Fattahi N (2022) The Role of L2 Motivational Self System and Grit in EFL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate: A Study of Public School vs. Private English Language Institute Learners. Frontiers in Education, 7, 837714. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.837714
-
Elahi Shirvan, M., and Alamer, A. (2022). Modeling the interplay of EFL learners’ basic psychological needs, grit and L2 achievement. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2075002
-
Fathi, J., & Hejazi, S. Y. (2024). Ideal L2 self and foreign language achievement: The mediating roles of L2 grit and foreign language enjoyment. Current Psychology, 43(12), 10606-10620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05187-8
-
Feng, L., & Papi, M. (2020). Persistence in language learning: The role of grit and future self-guides. Learning and Individual Differences, 81, 101904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101904
-
Geisinger, K. F. (1994). Cross-cultural normative assessment: translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychological assessment, 6(4), 304. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.304
-
Jalilzadeh, K., Chalak, A., & Sabzehparvar, A. (2022). Cross-cultural study of grit among Iranian, Turkish, and Iraqi EFL learners. Journal of Contemporary Language Research, 1(2), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.58803/jclr.v1i2.6
-
Khajavy, G. H., MacIntyre, P. D., & Hariri, J. (2021). A closer look at grit and language mindset as predictors of foreign language achievement. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 43(2), 379-402. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263120000480
-
Kırmızı, Ö., Irgatoğlu, A., & Atalmış, E. H. (2023). Examining the Interplay Between Growth and Fixed Mindsets, L2 Grit, and L2 Motivational Self-System of L2 Learners. SAGE Open, 13(4), 21582440231208997. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231208997
-
Lee, J. S. (2022). The role of grit and classroom enjoyment in EFL learners’ willingness to communicate. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 43(5), 452-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1746319
-
Liu, E., Wang, J., & Bai, S. (2022). Validation of L2 grit among Chinese EFL high school students and its enduring effect on achievements: A bifactor model approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 971495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971495
-
Luan, L., Jing, B., Hong, J. C., & Lin, P. H. (2025). The mediating effects of online learning engagement on the relationship between Chinese university students’ L2 grit and their English language achievement. System, 103689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2025.103689
-
Olejarczuk, E. (2025). How gritty are you? Exploring technical university students’ level of grit using a mixed methods study. In K. H. Matuszak & M. E. Strukowska (Eds.), Looking ahead: Developing academics’ and students’ linguistic and intercultural competence for a globalized world (pp. 35–45).Publishing House of Poznan University of Technology.
-
Oxford, R. L. (2016). “Toward a psychology of well-being for language learners: the “EMPATHICS” vision,” in Positive Psychology in SLA, eds. D. Gabryś-Barker and D. Gałajda, 10–88. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783095360-003
-
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117452
-
Pawlak, M., Csizér, K., Kruk, M., & Zawodniak, J. (2022). Investigating grit in second language learning: The role of individual difference factors and background variables. Language Teaching Research, 13621688221105775. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105775
-
Solhi, M., Derakhshan, A., & Ünsal, B. (2023). Associations between EFL students’ L2 grit, boredom coping strategies, and emotion regulation strategies: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2175834
-
Sudina, E., Brown, J., Datzman, B., Oki, Y., Song, K., Cavanaugh, R., ... & Plonsky, L. (2021). Language-specific grit: Exploring psychometric properties, predictive validity, and differences across contexts. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(4), 334-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2020.1802468
-
Sudina, E., & Plonsky, L. (2021). Language learning grit, achievement, and anxiety among L2 and L3 learners in Russia. ITL-International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 172(2), 161-198. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.20001.sud
-
Taşpınar, H. K., & Külekçi, G. (2018). Grit: An essential ingredient of success in the EFL classroom. International Journal of Languages' Education and Teaching, 6(3), 208-226. https://doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.3137
-
Teimouri, Y., Plonsky, L., & Tabandeh, F. (2022). L2 grit: Passion and perseverance for second-language learning. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 893-918.
-
Teimouri, Y., Sudina, E., & Plonsky, L. (2021). On domain-specific conceptualization and measurement of grit in L2 learning. Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 3(2), 156-165. https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/3/2/10
-
Toar, D. D., Mbatob, C. L., & Ardi, P. (2024). Senior high school students’ attitudes and grit in EFL learning: Insights from Indonesia. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 17(2), 599–620. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/LEARN/article/view/265383
-
Wang, L. (2021). The Role of Students’ Self-Regulated Learning, Grit, and Resilience in Second Language Learning. Frontier in Psychology. 12:800488. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.800488
-
Wang, Y., & Ren, W. (2024). L2 grit and pragmatic comprehension among Chinese postgraduate learners: Enjoyment and anxiety as mediators. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 34(1), 224-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12489
-
Wallen, N. E., & Fraenkel, J. R. (2013). Educational research: A guide to the process. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410601001
-
Wei, R., Liu, H., & Wang, S. (2020). Exploring L2 grit in the Chinese EFL context. System, 93, 102295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102295
-
Wimolmas, R. (2013). A survey study of motivation in English language learning of first year undergraduate students at Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University. Language Institute, Thammasat University.
-
Yang, Y., Cui, Y., & Yao, S. (2024). Teacher support, grit and L2 willingness to communicate: the mediating effect of foreign language enjoyment. BMC psychology, 12(1), 383. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01877-5
-
Yao, N., Xu, H., Xu, Y., Song, J., & Fu, Y. (2024). The Role of L2 Grit and Foreign Language Enjoyment in Chinese EFL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate at an EMI University. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 10(1), 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01877-5
-
Zawodniak, J., Pawlak, M., & Kruk, M. (2021). The role of grit among Polish EFL majors: A comparative study of 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-year university students. Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 3(2), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/3/2/8
-
Zhao, B. (2022). The role of classroom contexts on learners’ grit and foreign language anxiety: online vs. traditional learning environment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 869186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869186
-
Zhao, X., & Wang, D. (2023). Grit, emotions, and their effects on ethnic minority students’ English language learning achievements: A structural equation modelling analysis. System, 113, 102979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.102979
-
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into practice, 41(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
The Power of Passion and Perseverance: An Exploration of Turkish EFL Learners’ L2 Grit
Year 2025,
Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 251 - 267, 01.07.2025
Gülcan Yılmaz
,
Tutku Başöz
Abstract
Although the number of studies on L2 grit has been increasing lately and prior research has emphasized the crucial role of grit in L2 achievement, L2 grit research in the Turkish EFL context is still in its infancy and it is remarkable that evidence on EFL learners’ L2 grit levels remains scarce. Concerning this research gap, the current study aimed to investigate Turkish EFL learners’ perceived levels of L2 grit. The variance in learners’ L2 grit in terms of their grade level, the type of high school that they graduated from, and their self-perceived proficiency in English was also examined in the study. The present study, which employed a quantitative research design, was conducted with 500 EFL learners studying at a vocational school of a state university in Türkiye in the spring semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. The data were collected through a questionnaire including some demographic questions about the participants and the L2 grit scale and analyzed descriptively via IBM SPSS 21. The findings showed that EFL learners have a moderate level of grit for learning English. While grade level and the type of high school being graduated from were found to have no impact on EFL learners’ grit for learning English, self-perceived proficiency in English was revealed to exert influence on their passion for and perseverance in attaining long-term proficiency in English. The results offer some practical implications that could be valuable for EFL instruction and developing learners’ grit for learning English.
Ethical Statement
This study is based on the MA thesis of the first author in the supervision of the second author, completed in February 2025 on “The relationship between foreign language learners' grit, motivation, and achievement”. The necessary permission was obtained from Balikesir University Social Sciences and Humanities Research Ethics Committee (Date: 03.05.2024; Number: E-88958771-050.04-382944).
Supporting Institution
none
References
-
Akyıldız, S. (2020). The relationship between students' grit levels and success in Turkish EFL context (Master's thesis, Çağ University Institute of Social Sciences).
-
Alamer, A. (2021). Grit and language learning: construct validation of L2-Grit scale and its relation to later vocabulary knowledge. Educational Psychology, 41(5), 544-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1867076
-
Badiei, G., Noughabi, M. A., & Amirian, S. K. (2023). Foreign language peace of mind, foreign language enjoyment, and perceived language proficiency: The mediating role of L2 grit. English Teaching & Learning, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-023-00163-8
-
Botes, E., Azari Noughabi, M., Amirian, S. M. R., & Greiff, S. (2024). New wine in new bottles? L2 Grit in comparison to domain-general grit, conscientiousness, and cognitive ability as a predictor of language learning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2294120
-
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
-
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Academy.
-
Demir, Y. (2024). L2 grit: A structured approach to preliminary biblio-systematic review. System, 123, 103353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103353
-
Ding, F., Wu, Y., & Chen, M. (2025). Grit and foreign language achievement among Chinese university EFL students: a mixed-methods approach. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2024-0039
-
Dong, L. (2024). Longitudinal Relationship between L2 Grit and Motivational Regulation Strategy in University Second Language Learning: An Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model Study. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 53(3), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-024-10084-7
-
Duckworth, A. (2016). Grit: The power of passion and perseverance (Vol. 234). Scribner.
-
Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-control and grit: Related but separable determinants of success. Current directions in psychological science, 23(5), 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414541462
-
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(6), 1087. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
-
Ebn-Abbasi, F., Fattahi, N., Noughabi, M. A., & Botes, E. (2024). The strength of self and L2 willingness to communicate: The role of L2 grit, ideal L2 self and language mindset. System, 123, 103334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103334
-
Ebn-Abbasi F, Nushi M and Fattahi N (2022) The Role of L2 Motivational Self System and Grit in EFL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate: A Study of Public School vs. Private English Language Institute Learners. Frontiers in Education, 7, 837714. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.837714
-
Elahi Shirvan, M., and Alamer, A. (2022). Modeling the interplay of EFL learners’ basic psychological needs, grit and L2 achievement. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2075002
-
Fathi, J., & Hejazi, S. Y. (2024). Ideal L2 self and foreign language achievement: The mediating roles of L2 grit and foreign language enjoyment. Current Psychology, 43(12), 10606-10620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05187-8
-
Feng, L., & Papi, M. (2020). Persistence in language learning: The role of grit and future self-guides. Learning and Individual Differences, 81, 101904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101904
-
Geisinger, K. F. (1994). Cross-cultural normative assessment: translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychological assessment, 6(4), 304. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.304
-
Jalilzadeh, K., Chalak, A., & Sabzehparvar, A. (2022). Cross-cultural study of grit among Iranian, Turkish, and Iraqi EFL learners. Journal of Contemporary Language Research, 1(2), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.58803/jclr.v1i2.6
-
Khajavy, G. H., MacIntyre, P. D., & Hariri, J. (2021). A closer look at grit and language mindset as predictors of foreign language achievement. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 43(2), 379-402. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263120000480
-
Kırmızı, Ö., Irgatoğlu, A., & Atalmış, E. H. (2023). Examining the Interplay Between Growth and Fixed Mindsets, L2 Grit, and L2 Motivational Self-System of L2 Learners. SAGE Open, 13(4), 21582440231208997. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231208997
-
Lee, J. S. (2022). The role of grit and classroom enjoyment in EFL learners’ willingness to communicate. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 43(5), 452-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1746319
-
Liu, E., Wang, J., & Bai, S. (2022). Validation of L2 grit among Chinese EFL high school students and its enduring effect on achievements: A bifactor model approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 971495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971495
-
Luan, L., Jing, B., Hong, J. C., & Lin, P. H. (2025). The mediating effects of online learning engagement on the relationship between Chinese university students’ L2 grit and their English language achievement. System, 103689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2025.103689
-
Olejarczuk, E. (2025). How gritty are you? Exploring technical university students’ level of grit using a mixed methods study. In K. H. Matuszak & M. E. Strukowska (Eds.), Looking ahead: Developing academics’ and students’ linguistic and intercultural competence for a globalized world (pp. 35–45).Publishing House of Poznan University of Technology.
-
Oxford, R. L. (2016). “Toward a psychology of well-being for language learners: the “EMPATHICS” vision,” in Positive Psychology in SLA, eds. D. Gabryś-Barker and D. Gałajda, 10–88. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783095360-003
-
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117452
-
Pawlak, M., Csizér, K., Kruk, M., & Zawodniak, J. (2022). Investigating grit in second language learning: The role of individual difference factors and background variables. Language Teaching Research, 13621688221105775. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105775
-
Solhi, M., Derakhshan, A., & Ünsal, B. (2023). Associations between EFL students’ L2 grit, boredom coping strategies, and emotion regulation strategies: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2175834
-
Sudina, E., Brown, J., Datzman, B., Oki, Y., Song, K., Cavanaugh, R., ... & Plonsky, L. (2021). Language-specific grit: Exploring psychometric properties, predictive validity, and differences across contexts. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(4), 334-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2020.1802468
-
Sudina, E., & Plonsky, L. (2021). Language learning grit, achievement, and anxiety among L2 and L3 learners in Russia. ITL-International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 172(2), 161-198. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.20001.sud
-
Taşpınar, H. K., & Külekçi, G. (2018). Grit: An essential ingredient of success in the EFL classroom. International Journal of Languages' Education and Teaching, 6(3), 208-226. https://doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.3137
-
Teimouri, Y., Plonsky, L., & Tabandeh, F. (2022). L2 grit: Passion and perseverance for second-language learning. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 893-918.
-
Teimouri, Y., Sudina, E., & Plonsky, L. (2021). On domain-specific conceptualization and measurement of grit in L2 learning. Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 3(2), 156-165. https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/3/2/10
-
Toar, D. D., Mbatob, C. L., & Ardi, P. (2024). Senior high school students’ attitudes and grit in EFL learning: Insights from Indonesia. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 17(2), 599–620. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/LEARN/article/view/265383
-
Wang, L. (2021). The Role of Students’ Self-Regulated Learning, Grit, and Resilience in Second Language Learning. Frontier in Psychology. 12:800488. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.800488
-
Wang, Y., & Ren, W. (2024). L2 grit and pragmatic comprehension among Chinese postgraduate learners: Enjoyment and anxiety as mediators. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 34(1), 224-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12489
-
Wallen, N. E., & Fraenkel, J. R. (2013). Educational research: A guide to the process. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410601001
-
Wei, R., Liu, H., & Wang, S. (2020). Exploring L2 grit in the Chinese EFL context. System, 93, 102295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102295
-
Wimolmas, R. (2013). A survey study of motivation in English language learning of first year undergraduate students at Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University. Language Institute, Thammasat University.
-
Yang, Y., Cui, Y., & Yao, S. (2024). Teacher support, grit and L2 willingness to communicate: the mediating effect of foreign language enjoyment. BMC psychology, 12(1), 383. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01877-5
-
Yao, N., Xu, H., Xu, Y., Song, J., & Fu, Y. (2024). The Role of L2 Grit and Foreign Language Enjoyment in Chinese EFL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate at an EMI University. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 10(1), 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01877-5
-
Zawodniak, J., Pawlak, M., & Kruk, M. (2021). The role of grit among Polish EFL majors: A comparative study of 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-year university students. Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 3(2), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/3/2/8
-
Zhao, B. (2022). The role of classroom contexts on learners’ grit and foreign language anxiety: online vs. traditional learning environment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 869186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869186
-
Zhao, X., & Wang, D. (2023). Grit, emotions, and their effects on ethnic minority students’ English language learning achievements: A structural equation modelling analysis. System, 113, 102979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.102979
-
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into practice, 41(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2