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International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 1 - 34, 01.01.2017

Öz

In today’s world, international migration is one of the key public policy areas with repercussions for international relations and diplomacy. In fact, the movement of people has proven to continue to be a significant topic of discussion, as it has direct implications on borders that nation-states try to maintain, on the existing political and social institutions, as well as on the receiving and home societies.1 Various kinds of political and social animosities, including xenophobia, Islamophobia, and racism are in ascendancy all around the world, creating problems for the maintenance of a healthy national and international order. Hardly any country or society seems totally immune from such tensions, since almost all countries in the world face the challenges of managing migration, border controls and integration of immigrants.

Kaynakça

  • * I would like to thank Dr. Damla Bayraktar Aksel (Post-doctoral fellow at MiReKoc), Feyyaz Barış Çelik (PhD Candidate, International Relations Department at Koç University), and Emrah Çelik (MiReKoc fellow) for their invaluable help in drafting the introduction.
  • Roger Waldinger and David Fitzgerald, “Transnationalism in Question”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 109, No. 5 (2004), p. 1183.
  • Helene Thiollet, “Migration as Diplomacy: Labour Migrants, Refugees and Arab Regional Politics in the Oil-Rich Countries”, International Labour and Working Class History, Vol. 79, No. 1 (2011), pp. 103-121.
  • Meredith Oyen, The Diplomacy of Migration: Transnational lives and the making of U.S- China Relations in the Cold War, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2015.
  • UNHCR Global Trends, Forced Displacement in 2016, at http://www.unhcr. org/5943e8a34.pdf (last visited 20 March 2018).
  • Ahmet İçduygu and Şebnem Köşer Akçapar, “Migrant Smuggling in Turkey”, in M. McAuliffe and F. Laczko (eds.), Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A Global Review of the Emerging Evidence Base, Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2016, pp. 137-160.
  • DGMM statistics on temporary protection, at http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/gecici- koruma_363_378_4713_icerik (last visited 15 February 2018).
  • http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/2016_goc_raporu_.pdf (last visited 11 November 2017).
  • DGMM reports the number of Syrians staying in Turkey with residence permits is 65.000. Although the number of unregistered Syrians in Turkey is not known, those exiting the country for Syria from the bordergates voluntarily suggests high numbers (interview with UNHCR official at Gaziantep, Karkamış).
  • Ankara 9. İdare Mahkemesi, 2004/2860 E.; Ankara 9. İdare Mahkemesi, 03 November 1997 (E. 1996/1356, K. 1997/1321); Danıştay 10. Dairesi, dated 20 January 2000 (Decision No: 1998/1481 E. 2000/131 k.); Danıştay, 25 May 2000 (1999/154 e. 2000/2756 k.).
  • Asylum Law Database, at http://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/en/content/ecthr-jabari- v-turkey-application-no-4003598-11-july-2000 (last visited 12 November 2017).
  • On 22 October 2014, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Turkey issued a regulation on temporary protection. The law lists 6 types of residence permits: short- term, long-term, family, student, humanitarian, and for victims of trafficking. LFIP also regulates their access to health, education, social assistance and labour markets.
  • Migration and Integration Report, Turkish Grand National Assembly, Human Rights Commission, Refugee Rights Sub-committee, 18 January 2018, p. 130.
  • Recently, more restrictions were imposed on free circulation of Syrians and especially entry to Istanbul. For updates on the official numbers, see: http://www.goc.gov.tr/ icerik6/gecici-koruma_363_378_4713_icerik (last visited 15 February 2018).
  • Frontex- European Border and Coast Guard Agency, at http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/ Partners/Third_countries/WA_with_Turkey.pdf (last visited 12 November 2017).
  • http://cibs.csgb.gov.tr (last visited 12 November 2017).
  • Omar Kadkoy, “Syrians and Labour Market Integration: Dynamics in Turkey and Germany”, GMF, (February 2017), at: http://www.gmfus.org/publications/syrians- and-labor-market-integration-dynamics-turkey-and-germany (last visited February 15 2018).
  • Report by International Crisis Group, Turkey’s Syrian Refugees: Defusing Metropolitan Tensions, No. 248, at https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/248-turkey-s-syrian- refugees.pdf (last visited on 25 February 2018), pp.15-17.
  • “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’dan Suriyelilere Vatandaşlık Müjdesi”, Milliyet, 2 July 2016.
  • Şebnem Köşer Akçapar and Doğuş Şimşek, “The Politics of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: A Question of Inclusion and Exclusion through Citizenship”, Social Inclusion, Vol.6, No.1 (2018), pp. 176-187.
  • “Yıldırım’dan Suriyelilere Mesaj”, Sözcü, 6 July 2017.
  • Personal interwiew with a DGMM senior official, 7 December 2017.
  • Murat Erdoğan, “Syrians Barometer 2017”, at https://mmuraterdogan.files.wordpress. com/2016/06/syrians-barometer-executive-summary.pdf (last visited 15 February 2018).
  • “Ankara’da Suriyeli Sığınmacılarla Türk Vatandaşları Arasınd Kavga”, at http://t24.com. tr/haber/ankarada-suriyeli-siginmacilarla-turk-vatandaslari-arasinda-kavga,412394; T.C. Sakarya Valiliği, “Kaynarca’da Yaşanan Olayla Ilgili Vali Balkanlıoğlu Basın Açıklaması Yaptı”, at http://www.sakarya.gov.tr/kaynarcada-yasanan-olayla-ilgili-vali- balkanlioglu-basin-aciklamasi-yapti (last visited 3 September 2017).
  • Some of the hashtags were #suriyelilerevinedonsun (Syrians go home), #suriyelilersinirdisiedilsin (Syrians should be deported); #suriyeliistemiyoruz (we don’t want Syrians).
  • “Erdoğan’dan Suriyeli Mesajı”, Hürriyet, 8 February 2018.
  • Initial results of the survey titled “Dimensions of Polarization in Turkey” conducted by the German Marshall Fund and İstanbul Bilgi University’s Centre for Migration Research, at https://goc.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2018/02/06/dimensions-of- polarizationshortfindings_DNzdZml.pdf (last visited 6 February 2018). Also see, “Politically Polarized Turkey finds Largest Common Ground in Syrian Refugees’ Return, Turkish Daily News, 6 February 2018.
  • Ahmet İçduygu and Damla B. Aksel, “Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy: Negotiating Readmission Agreement between the EU and Turkey”, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2014), pp. 337-363.
  • FRONTEX, “Eastern Mediterranean Route”, at http://frontex.europa.eu/trends-and- routes/eastern-mediterranean-route/ (last visited 12 November 2017).
  • https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5179 (last visited 11 November 2017)
  • Ramazan Ercan, “Huge Drop in Migrant Numbers Taking Aegean Route”, Anadolu Ajansı, at http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/huge-drop-in-migrant-numbers-taking-aegean- route/776390?amp=1 (last visited 11 November 2017).
  • Amnesty International, at https://www.amnesty.org.uk/blogs/campaigns/greek-islands- refugees (last visited 7 February 2018).
  • See DGMM statistics on 1:1 Agreement between EU and Turkey, at http://www.goc. gov.tr/icerik6/gecici-koruma_363_378_4713_icerik (last visited 15 February 2018).
  • Up-to-date figures available on the website of the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey, at http://bit.ly/2mNa3cO (last visited 25 February 2018).
  • Deutsche Welle, “Changing Terror Law Impossible- EU Refugee Deal Hinges on Visa Free Travel”, at http://www.dw.com/en/turkey-changing-terror-law-impossible-eu- refugee-deal-hinges-on-visa-free-travel/a-19292453 (last visited 11 November 2017).
  • Habertürk, “AB Bakanı Çelik Habertürk TV’de Gündemi Değerlendirdi”, at http:// www.haberturk.com/dunya/haber/1335974-ab-bakani-celik-haberturk-tvde-gundemi- degerlendirdi; Bild, “Europa Demütigt Die Türkei”, at http://www.bild.de/politik/ ausland/interview/europa-demuetigt-die-tuerkei-47317120.bild.html (last visited 11 November 2017).
  • Kevin D. Stringer, “Visa Diplomacy”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2004), p. 677.
  • İçduygu and Aksel, “Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy”.
  • Ahmet İçduygu, “ThePolitics of Demography and International Migration: The Implications for the EU-Turkey Relationship”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2010), pp. 59-71.
  • İçduygu and Aksel, “Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy”.
  • Ray Koslowski, “International Migration and the Globalization of Domestic Politics”, in Ray Koslowski (ed.), International Migration and the Globalization of Domestic Politics, 2005, New York, Routledge, pp. 5-32.
  • Şebnem Köşer Akçapar and Damla Bayraktar Aksel, “Public Diplomacy through Diaspora Engagement: The Case of Turkey,” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. XXII, No. 4 (Winter 2017), pp. 135-160.
  • Ahmet İçduygu and Aysen Ustubici, “Negotiating Mobility, Debating Borders: Migration Diplomacy in Turkey-EU Relations”, New Border and Citizenship Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, pp. 44-59.
  • Yüksek Seçim Kurulu, “Türkiye’deki Seçimlere Katılım”, at http://www.ytb.gov.tr/ yurtdisi-vatandaslar/turkiyedeki-secimlere-katilim (last visited 15 November 2017).
  • BBC, “Turkey ‘detached from reality’- EU’s Donald Tusk, at http://www.bbc.com/news/ world-europe-39278131; “EU Says Turkey’s Nazi Remarks ‘Detached from Reality’”, Hürriyet Daily News, 15 March 2017; Lizzei Dearden, Turkey’s Nazi Allegations are ‘Detached from Reality’, says European Council President Donald Tusk, Independent, 15 March 2017.
  • “Third German Town Cancels Turkish Referendum Rally Amid Yucel Spat”, at http:// www.dw.com/en/third-german-town-cancels-turkish-referendum-rally-amid-yucel- spat/a-37803173 (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • Philip Olterman, “Erdoğan Accuses Germany of ‘Nazi Practices’ over Blocked Political Rallies”, The Guardian, 5 March 2017; “Turkey’s Erdoğan Accuses Germany of ‘Nazi Practices’ over Rally Cancellations”, at http://www.dw.com/en/turkeys-erdogan- accuses-germany-of-nazi-practices-over-rally-cancellations/a-37816320 (last visited 15 December 2017); “Erdoğan Compares Germany Rally ban to ‘Nazi Practices’”, at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/erdogan-compares-germany-rally-ban-nazi- practices-170305140546937.html (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • DITIB, “Pressemeldung zu den Aktuellen Berichten”, at http://www.ditib.de/detail1. php?id=547 (last visited 5 December 2017); “Turkish Imam Spy Affair in Germny Extends Across Europe”, at http://www.dw.com/en/turkish-imam-spy-affair-in- germany-extends-across-europe/a-37590672 (last visited 5 December 2017); “Ditib Bedauert Spitzelaffare”, at http://www.rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/ditib- bedauert-spitzel-affaere-aid-1.6528628 (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • “Reorientation of Policy Towards Turkey”, at http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/ Content/EN/Artikel/2017/07_en/2017-07-19-bundesregierung-fordert-freilassung- steudtners_en.html (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • “Erdoğan tells Turks in Germany not to Vote for ‘Turkey’s Enemies’ merkel, Schulz, Greens”, Hürriyet Daily News, 18 August 2017; Erdoğan tells Turks in Germnay to Vote Against Merkel”, at http://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-turkey/erdogan-tells- turks-in-germany-to-vote-against-merkel-idUSKCN1AY17Z (last visited 5 December 2017); http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/18/erdogan-urges-turks-germany- reject-merkel/; http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40973197 (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • İçduygu, “The Politics of Demography and International Migration”.
  • Turkey’s Relationships with EU has Reached ‘Lowest Point’, Says Turkish PM, The Independent, 25 April 2017.
  • Roger Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”, International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1988), pp. 427-460.
  • “Remarks by Commissioner Dimitris Avramopoulos at the 8th Bosphorus Summit”, at http://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2014-2019/avramopoulos/announcements/ remarks-commissioner-dimitris-avramopoulos-8th-bosphorus-summit_en (last visited 12 December 2017); Ali Ünal, “Turkey, EU Likely to Find Middle Ground to Move Forward with Visa Liberalization”, Daily Sabah, 7 December 2017.
  • Sevil Erkuş, “EU Mulls Total Ban on PKK Rallies and Flags”, Hürriyet Daily News, 18 October 2017; “Turkey Welcomes EP Decision to Ban Terror Groups from Entering Assembly”, Daily Sabah, 23 November 2017.
  • “EU Should Not Forget Turkey has Alternatives PM Says”, at http://www.reuters. com/article/us-turkey-eu/eu-should-not-forget-turkey-has-alternatives-pm-says- idUSKCN12M081(last visited 8 January 2018); http://www.euractiv.com/section/ global-europe/news/eu-should-not-forget-turkey-has-alternatives-pm-warns/ (last visited 8 January 2018).
  • http://www.ft.com/content/81b92208-9d50-11e7-9a86-4d5a475ba4c5 (last visited 5 December 2017); http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/12/turkey- european-union-seeking-new-kind-relationship.html (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • Turkish Grand National Assembly Human Rights Commission, Refugee Rights Sub- committee, Migration and Integration Report, 18 January 2018, p. 253.
  • Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. National Intelligence Council Publication, at november2012.pdf (last visited 7 February 2018).
  • William Lacy Swing, The Diplomacy of Population Displacement, p. 21, at https:// www.iom.int/sites/default/files/migrated_files/about-iom/docs/1The-Diplomacy-of- Population-Displacement-The-Foreign-Service-Journal-March-2013.pdf (last visited 8 February 2018).
  • Ibid., pp. 21- 2.
  • UNHCR, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016, at http://www.unhcr.org/ globaltrends2016/ (last visited 8 February 2018). 65 Ibid.
  • Şebnem Köşer Akçapar, “Uluslararası Göç Alanında Güvenlik Algılamaları ve Göçün İnsani Boyutu”, in S. Gülfer Ihlamur-Öner and N. Aslı Şirin Öner (eds.) Küreselleşme Çağında Göç: Kavramlar, Tartışmalar, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2012, pp. 563-575.
  • Heaven Crawley and Dimitris Skleparis, “Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis’”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2017), p. 2.
  • Speech of Franck Düvell at the Conference on International Migration and Diplomacy in İstanbul, 18 May 2016.
  • The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, Zero Draft (5 February 2018), at https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180205_gcm_zero_draft_ final.pdf (last visited 18 February 2018).
  • The Global Compact on Refugees, Zero Draft, (as at 31 January 2018), at http://www. unhcr.org/Zero-Draft.pdf (last visited 09 February 2018).
  • See Can Ünver’s article in this special issue.
  • Speech of Naci Koru at the Conference on International Migration and Diplomacy in İstanbul, 18 May 2016.
  • Şebnem Köşer Akçapar and Damla Bayraktar Aksel, “Public Diplomacy through Diaspora Engagement: The Case of Turkey,” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Winter 2017), pp. 135- 160.
  • “Guterres, Jolie in Turkey to Show Solidarity with Syrian Refugees”, at http://www. unhcr.org/hk/en/5895-guterres-jolie-in-turkey-to-show-solidarity-with-syrian- refugees-2.html (last visited 15 February 2018); “In Turkey, UN Chief Guterres Spotlights Collective Responsibility for Refugee Protection”, at https://news.un.org/en/ story/2017/02/551282-turkey-un-chief-guterres-spotlights-collective-responsibility- refugee (last visited 15 February 2018).
Yıl 2017, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 1 - 34, 01.01.2017

Öz

Kaynakça

  • * I would like to thank Dr. Damla Bayraktar Aksel (Post-doctoral fellow at MiReKoc), Feyyaz Barış Çelik (PhD Candidate, International Relations Department at Koç University), and Emrah Çelik (MiReKoc fellow) for their invaluable help in drafting the introduction.
  • Roger Waldinger and David Fitzgerald, “Transnationalism in Question”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 109, No. 5 (2004), p. 1183.
  • Helene Thiollet, “Migration as Diplomacy: Labour Migrants, Refugees and Arab Regional Politics in the Oil-Rich Countries”, International Labour and Working Class History, Vol. 79, No. 1 (2011), pp. 103-121.
  • Meredith Oyen, The Diplomacy of Migration: Transnational lives and the making of U.S- China Relations in the Cold War, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2015.
  • UNHCR Global Trends, Forced Displacement in 2016, at http://www.unhcr. org/5943e8a34.pdf (last visited 20 March 2018).
  • Ahmet İçduygu and Şebnem Köşer Akçapar, “Migrant Smuggling in Turkey”, in M. McAuliffe and F. Laczko (eds.), Migrant Smuggling Data and Research: A Global Review of the Emerging Evidence Base, Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2016, pp. 137-160.
  • DGMM statistics on temporary protection, at http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/gecici- koruma_363_378_4713_icerik (last visited 15 February 2018).
  • http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/2016_goc_raporu_.pdf (last visited 11 November 2017).
  • DGMM reports the number of Syrians staying in Turkey with residence permits is 65.000. Although the number of unregistered Syrians in Turkey is not known, those exiting the country for Syria from the bordergates voluntarily suggests high numbers (interview with UNHCR official at Gaziantep, Karkamış).
  • Ankara 9. İdare Mahkemesi, 2004/2860 E.; Ankara 9. İdare Mahkemesi, 03 November 1997 (E. 1996/1356, K. 1997/1321); Danıştay 10. Dairesi, dated 20 January 2000 (Decision No: 1998/1481 E. 2000/131 k.); Danıştay, 25 May 2000 (1999/154 e. 2000/2756 k.).
  • Asylum Law Database, at http://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/en/content/ecthr-jabari- v-turkey-application-no-4003598-11-july-2000 (last visited 12 November 2017).
  • On 22 October 2014, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Turkey issued a regulation on temporary protection. The law lists 6 types of residence permits: short- term, long-term, family, student, humanitarian, and for victims of trafficking. LFIP also regulates their access to health, education, social assistance and labour markets.
  • Migration and Integration Report, Turkish Grand National Assembly, Human Rights Commission, Refugee Rights Sub-committee, 18 January 2018, p. 130.
  • Recently, more restrictions were imposed on free circulation of Syrians and especially entry to Istanbul. For updates on the official numbers, see: http://www.goc.gov.tr/ icerik6/gecici-koruma_363_378_4713_icerik (last visited 15 February 2018).
  • Frontex- European Border and Coast Guard Agency, at http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/ Partners/Third_countries/WA_with_Turkey.pdf (last visited 12 November 2017).
  • http://cibs.csgb.gov.tr (last visited 12 November 2017).
  • Omar Kadkoy, “Syrians and Labour Market Integration: Dynamics in Turkey and Germany”, GMF, (February 2017), at: http://www.gmfus.org/publications/syrians- and-labor-market-integration-dynamics-turkey-and-germany (last visited February 15 2018).
  • Report by International Crisis Group, Turkey’s Syrian Refugees: Defusing Metropolitan Tensions, No. 248, at https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/248-turkey-s-syrian- refugees.pdf (last visited on 25 February 2018), pp.15-17.
  • “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’dan Suriyelilere Vatandaşlık Müjdesi”, Milliyet, 2 July 2016.
  • Şebnem Köşer Akçapar and Doğuş Şimşek, “The Politics of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: A Question of Inclusion and Exclusion through Citizenship”, Social Inclusion, Vol.6, No.1 (2018), pp. 176-187.
  • “Yıldırım’dan Suriyelilere Mesaj”, Sözcü, 6 July 2017.
  • Personal interwiew with a DGMM senior official, 7 December 2017.
  • Murat Erdoğan, “Syrians Barometer 2017”, at https://mmuraterdogan.files.wordpress. com/2016/06/syrians-barometer-executive-summary.pdf (last visited 15 February 2018).
  • “Ankara’da Suriyeli Sığınmacılarla Türk Vatandaşları Arasınd Kavga”, at http://t24.com. tr/haber/ankarada-suriyeli-siginmacilarla-turk-vatandaslari-arasinda-kavga,412394; T.C. Sakarya Valiliği, “Kaynarca’da Yaşanan Olayla Ilgili Vali Balkanlıoğlu Basın Açıklaması Yaptı”, at http://www.sakarya.gov.tr/kaynarcada-yasanan-olayla-ilgili-vali- balkanlioglu-basin-aciklamasi-yapti (last visited 3 September 2017).
  • Some of the hashtags were #suriyelilerevinedonsun (Syrians go home), #suriyelilersinirdisiedilsin (Syrians should be deported); #suriyeliistemiyoruz (we don’t want Syrians).
  • “Erdoğan’dan Suriyeli Mesajı”, Hürriyet, 8 February 2018.
  • Initial results of the survey titled “Dimensions of Polarization in Turkey” conducted by the German Marshall Fund and İstanbul Bilgi University’s Centre for Migration Research, at https://goc.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2018/02/06/dimensions-of- polarizationshortfindings_DNzdZml.pdf (last visited 6 February 2018). Also see, “Politically Polarized Turkey finds Largest Common Ground in Syrian Refugees’ Return, Turkish Daily News, 6 February 2018.
  • Ahmet İçduygu and Damla B. Aksel, “Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy: Negotiating Readmission Agreement between the EU and Turkey”, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2014), pp. 337-363.
  • FRONTEX, “Eastern Mediterranean Route”, at http://frontex.europa.eu/trends-and- routes/eastern-mediterranean-route/ (last visited 12 November 2017).
  • https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5179 (last visited 11 November 2017)
  • Ramazan Ercan, “Huge Drop in Migrant Numbers Taking Aegean Route”, Anadolu Ajansı, at http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/huge-drop-in-migrant-numbers-taking-aegean- route/776390?amp=1 (last visited 11 November 2017).
  • Amnesty International, at https://www.amnesty.org.uk/blogs/campaigns/greek-islands- refugees (last visited 7 February 2018).
  • See DGMM statistics on 1:1 Agreement between EU and Turkey, at http://www.goc. gov.tr/icerik6/gecici-koruma_363_378_4713_icerik (last visited 15 February 2018).
  • Up-to-date figures available on the website of the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey, at http://bit.ly/2mNa3cO (last visited 25 February 2018).
  • Deutsche Welle, “Changing Terror Law Impossible- EU Refugee Deal Hinges on Visa Free Travel”, at http://www.dw.com/en/turkey-changing-terror-law-impossible-eu- refugee-deal-hinges-on-visa-free-travel/a-19292453 (last visited 11 November 2017).
  • Habertürk, “AB Bakanı Çelik Habertürk TV’de Gündemi Değerlendirdi”, at http:// www.haberturk.com/dunya/haber/1335974-ab-bakani-celik-haberturk-tvde-gundemi- degerlendirdi; Bild, “Europa Demütigt Die Türkei”, at http://www.bild.de/politik/ ausland/interview/europa-demuetigt-die-tuerkei-47317120.bild.html (last visited 11 November 2017).
  • Kevin D. Stringer, “Visa Diplomacy”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2004), p. 677.
  • İçduygu and Aksel, “Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy”.
  • Ahmet İçduygu, “ThePolitics of Demography and International Migration: The Implications for the EU-Turkey Relationship”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2010), pp. 59-71.
  • İçduygu and Aksel, “Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy”.
  • Ray Koslowski, “International Migration and the Globalization of Domestic Politics”, in Ray Koslowski (ed.), International Migration and the Globalization of Domestic Politics, 2005, New York, Routledge, pp. 5-32.
  • Şebnem Köşer Akçapar and Damla Bayraktar Aksel, “Public Diplomacy through Diaspora Engagement: The Case of Turkey,” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. XXII, No. 4 (Winter 2017), pp. 135-160.
  • Ahmet İçduygu and Aysen Ustubici, “Negotiating Mobility, Debating Borders: Migration Diplomacy in Turkey-EU Relations”, New Border and Citizenship Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, pp. 44-59.
  • Yüksek Seçim Kurulu, “Türkiye’deki Seçimlere Katılım”, at http://www.ytb.gov.tr/ yurtdisi-vatandaslar/turkiyedeki-secimlere-katilim (last visited 15 November 2017).
  • BBC, “Turkey ‘detached from reality’- EU’s Donald Tusk, at http://www.bbc.com/news/ world-europe-39278131; “EU Says Turkey’s Nazi Remarks ‘Detached from Reality’”, Hürriyet Daily News, 15 March 2017; Lizzei Dearden, Turkey’s Nazi Allegations are ‘Detached from Reality’, says European Council President Donald Tusk, Independent, 15 March 2017.
  • “Third German Town Cancels Turkish Referendum Rally Amid Yucel Spat”, at http:// www.dw.com/en/third-german-town-cancels-turkish-referendum-rally-amid-yucel- spat/a-37803173 (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • Philip Olterman, “Erdoğan Accuses Germany of ‘Nazi Practices’ over Blocked Political Rallies”, The Guardian, 5 March 2017; “Turkey’s Erdoğan Accuses Germany of ‘Nazi Practices’ over Rally Cancellations”, at http://www.dw.com/en/turkeys-erdogan- accuses-germany-of-nazi-practices-over-rally-cancellations/a-37816320 (last visited 15 December 2017); “Erdoğan Compares Germany Rally ban to ‘Nazi Practices’”, at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/erdogan-compares-germany-rally-ban-nazi- practices-170305140546937.html (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • DITIB, “Pressemeldung zu den Aktuellen Berichten”, at http://www.ditib.de/detail1. php?id=547 (last visited 5 December 2017); “Turkish Imam Spy Affair in Germny Extends Across Europe”, at http://www.dw.com/en/turkish-imam-spy-affair-in- germany-extends-across-europe/a-37590672 (last visited 5 December 2017); “Ditib Bedauert Spitzelaffare”, at http://www.rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/ditib- bedauert-spitzel-affaere-aid-1.6528628 (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • “Reorientation of Policy Towards Turkey”, at http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/ Content/EN/Artikel/2017/07_en/2017-07-19-bundesregierung-fordert-freilassung- steudtners_en.html (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • “Erdoğan tells Turks in Germany not to Vote for ‘Turkey’s Enemies’ merkel, Schulz, Greens”, Hürriyet Daily News, 18 August 2017; Erdoğan tells Turks in Germnay to Vote Against Merkel”, at http://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-turkey/erdogan-tells- turks-in-germany-to-vote-against-merkel-idUSKCN1AY17Z (last visited 5 December 2017); http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/18/erdogan-urges-turks-germany- reject-merkel/; http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40973197 (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • İçduygu, “The Politics of Demography and International Migration”.
  • Turkey’s Relationships with EU has Reached ‘Lowest Point’, Says Turkish PM, The Independent, 25 April 2017.
  • Roger Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”, International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1988), pp. 427-460.
  • “Remarks by Commissioner Dimitris Avramopoulos at the 8th Bosphorus Summit”, at http://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2014-2019/avramopoulos/announcements/ remarks-commissioner-dimitris-avramopoulos-8th-bosphorus-summit_en (last visited 12 December 2017); Ali Ünal, “Turkey, EU Likely to Find Middle Ground to Move Forward with Visa Liberalization”, Daily Sabah, 7 December 2017.
  • Sevil Erkuş, “EU Mulls Total Ban on PKK Rallies and Flags”, Hürriyet Daily News, 18 October 2017; “Turkey Welcomes EP Decision to Ban Terror Groups from Entering Assembly”, Daily Sabah, 23 November 2017.
  • “EU Should Not Forget Turkey has Alternatives PM Says”, at http://www.reuters. com/article/us-turkey-eu/eu-should-not-forget-turkey-has-alternatives-pm-says- idUSKCN12M081(last visited 8 January 2018); http://www.euractiv.com/section/ global-europe/news/eu-should-not-forget-turkey-has-alternatives-pm-warns/ (last visited 8 January 2018).
  • http://www.ft.com/content/81b92208-9d50-11e7-9a86-4d5a475ba4c5 (last visited 5 December 2017); http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/12/turkey- european-union-seeking-new-kind-relationship.html (last visited 5 December 2017).
  • Turkish Grand National Assembly Human Rights Commission, Refugee Rights Sub- committee, Migration and Integration Report, 18 January 2018, p. 253.
  • Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. National Intelligence Council Publication, at november2012.pdf (last visited 7 February 2018).
  • William Lacy Swing, The Diplomacy of Population Displacement, p. 21, at https:// www.iom.int/sites/default/files/migrated_files/about-iom/docs/1The-Diplomacy-of- Population-Displacement-The-Foreign-Service-Journal-March-2013.pdf (last visited 8 February 2018).
  • Ibid., pp. 21- 2.
  • UNHCR, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016, at http://www.unhcr.org/ globaltrends2016/ (last visited 8 February 2018). 65 Ibid.
  • Şebnem Köşer Akçapar, “Uluslararası Göç Alanında Güvenlik Algılamaları ve Göçün İnsani Boyutu”, in S. Gülfer Ihlamur-Öner and N. Aslı Şirin Öner (eds.) Küreselleşme Çağında Göç: Kavramlar, Tartışmalar, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2012, pp. 563-575.
  • Heaven Crawley and Dimitris Skleparis, “Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis’”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2017), p. 2.
  • Speech of Franck Düvell at the Conference on International Migration and Diplomacy in İstanbul, 18 May 2016.
  • The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, Zero Draft (5 February 2018), at https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180205_gcm_zero_draft_ final.pdf (last visited 18 February 2018).
  • The Global Compact on Refugees, Zero Draft, (as at 31 January 2018), at http://www. unhcr.org/Zero-Draft.pdf (last visited 09 February 2018).
  • See Can Ünver’s article in this special issue.
  • Speech of Naci Koru at the Conference on International Migration and Diplomacy in İstanbul, 18 May 2016.
  • Şebnem Köşer Akçapar and Damla Bayraktar Aksel, “Public Diplomacy through Diaspora Engagement: The Case of Turkey,” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Winter 2017), pp. 135- 160.
  • “Guterres, Jolie in Turkey to Show Solidarity with Syrian Refugees”, at http://www. unhcr.org/hk/en/5895-guterres-jolie-in-turkey-to-show-solidarity-with-syrian- refugees-2.html (last visited 15 February 2018); “In Turkey, UN Chief Guterres Spotlights Collective Responsibility for Refugee Protection”, at https://news.un.org/en/ story/2017/02/551282-turkey-un-chief-guterres-spotlights-collective-responsibility- refugee (last visited 15 February 2018).
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Şebnem Köşer Akçapar Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçapar, Ş. K. (2017). International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 22(3), 1-34.
AMA Akçapar ŞK. International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century. PERCEPTIONS. Ocak 2017;22(3):1-34.
Chicago Akçapar, Şebnem Köşer. “International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22, sy. 3 (Ocak 2017): 1-34.
EndNote Akçapar ŞK (01 Ocak 2017) International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22 3 1–34.
IEEE Ş. K. Akçapar, “International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century”, PERCEPTIONS, c. 22, sy. 3, ss. 1–34, 2017.
ISNAD Akçapar, Şebnem Köşer. “International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22/3 (Ocak 2017), 1-34.
JAMA Akçapar ŞK. International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century. PERCEPTIONS. 2017;22:1–34.
MLA Akçapar, Şebnem Köşer. “International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, c. 22, sy. 3, 2017, ss. 1-34.
Vancouver Akçapar ŞK. International Migration and Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century. PERCEPTIONS. 2017;22(3):1-34.