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Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 391 - 401, 29.06.2022

Öz

Corruption allegations are a frequently-encountered issue in international investment arbitration. These allegations are mainly used as a defense mechanism by states, aiming to dismiss investors’ assertions in arbitral proceedings, because if corruption is upheld, the tribunal will be deprived of jurisdiction. Adjudicating corruption, on the other hand, is a very challenging task to accomplish for tribunals. This is mainly due to the lack of means and mechanisms to conduct serious investigations and fact finding in order to establish corruption. Because adjudicators cannot abstain from rendering a verdict even though they doubt facts or evidence, legal systems have adopted some tools to aid this process. The concepts of burden and standard of proof are two the main tools that have been used for this purpose. However, even though there are a few clauses regarding the standards of evidence in UNCITRAL Rules or IBA Rules, there is a lack of binding regulation of standards of evidence in international arbitration law. Also, there are no rules under the ICSID Convention regarding the allocation of burden and standards of proof. In this context, the analysis of the application and allocation of the burden and standard of proof in international investment law becomes an essential issue for resolving such disputes.

Kaynakça

  • Born G, International Commercial Arbitration (Kluwer Law International 2014)
  • Kaufmann-Kohler GA Rigozzi, International Arbitration (Oxford University Press 2015)
  • Kazazi M, Burden of Proof and Related Issues (Kluwer Law International 1996)
  • Lew J, L Mistelis, S Kröll, Comparative International Commercial Arbitration (Kluwer Law International 2003)
  • Llamzon A, Corruption in International Investment Arbitration (Oxford University Press 2014)
  • O'Malley N, Rules of Evidence In International Arbitration (Taylor and Francis 2013)
  • Rubino-Sammartano M, International Arbitration Law and Practice (3rd edn, Juris Publishing 2014)
  • Uluc I, Corruption in International Arbitration (Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing 2018)
  • Alexandrov SA, 'Corruption in International Investment Arbitration.' (2015) 109(3) Am J Int'l L 702
  • Alfredo RM, ‘Non Liquet: From Modern Law to Roman Law.’ (1974) 9 Isr. L. Rev. 63
  • Andreas R, ‘Burden and general standards of proof.’ (1994) 10(3) Arb. Int’l 330.
  • Blavi F and Vial G, 'The Burden of Proof in International Commercial Arbitration: Are We Allowed to Adjust the Scales.' (2016) 39(1) Hastings Int'l & Comp L Rev 41
  • Brower CN, 'Evidence before International Tribunals: The Need for Some Standard Rules.' (1994) 28(1) Int'l L 47
  • Carreteiro M, ‘Burden and Standard of Proof in International Arbitration: Proposed Guidelines for Promoting Predictability.’ (2016) Ano XIII Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 83
  • Clermont KM and Sherwin E, 'A Comparative View of Standards of Proof.' (2002) 50(2) Am J Comp L 243
  • Foster CE, 'Burden of Proof in International Courts and Tribunals.' (2010) 29 Aust YBIL 27
  • Fleming JJ, ‘Burdens of Proof.’ (1961) 47 Va. L. Rev. 51
  • Gabriel P,’ Burden of Proof And Standard Of Proof In Civil Litigation’ (2013) 25 SAcLJ 130
  • Macnair MRT, ‘The Law of Proof in Early Modern Equity, Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History.’ (1999) Band 20, Duncker & Humblot, 322
  • Mann F. A, State Contracts and International Arbitration [1967] (Brit. YB Int’l L Vol 42) 1
  • Meshel T, ‘The Use and Misuse of the Corruption Defence in International Investment Arbitration.’ (2013) 30 J. Int. Arb. 3
  • Moloo R, Lamm CB and Pham HT, 'Fraud and Corruption in International Arbitration' (TDM, 2018)
  • Pietrowski R, ‘Evidence in International Arbitration’ (2006) 22 Arb. Int'l 264
  • Taruffo M, 'Rethinking the Standards of Proof.' (2003) 51(3) Am J Comp L 659
  • Taruffo M, ‘Admission and presentation of evidence.’ (2004) BIICL 173
  • Waincymer J, ‘Procedure and evidence in international arbitration.’ (2012) Hague: Kluwer L. Int’l 761.
  • William Fox, Adjudicating Bribery and Corruption Issues in International Commercial Arbitration, (2009) 27 J. Energy & Nat. Resources L. 487

ICSID Tahkiminde İspat Yükü ve Sartlarının Yolsuzluk Suçlamaları Özelinde Uygulamaları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 391 - 401, 29.06.2022

Öz

Tarafların yolsuzluk suçlamaları uluslararası yatırım tahkiminde sıklıkla karşılaşılan bir meseledir. Bu suçlamalar tahkim surecinde çoğunlukla devletler tarafından bir savunma olarak öne sürülmekte olup yatırımcıların taleplerinin reddini amaçlamaktadır. Çünkü eğer yolsuzluk hükmü sabit hale gelirse tahkim kursusunun yetkisi ortadan kalkar. Öte yandan yolsuzluk hususunda hükme varmak tahkim kürsüleri için hayli zorlu bir görev teşkil etmektedir. Bunun ana sebebi de tahkim kürsülerinin yerel mahkemelerin aksine yolsuzluk hükmü kurmak için ellerinde yeteri kadar tahkikat yapma gücü bulunmamasıdır. Modern hukukta yargıçlar uyuşmazlığa ilişkin esaslardan ya da kanıtlardan şüphe etseler dahi hüküm kurmaktan kaçınamazlar. Bu sebeple hukuk sistemleri hüküm kurma surecinde yargıçlara yardımcı olması amacıyla belirli kurumları kullanmaktadırlar. Bu kurumlardan ispat yükü ve ispat şartı bu amaçla kullanılan kurumların en temel olanlarındandır. Buna rağmen her ne kadar bu hususta UNCITRAL, IBA ve ICSID kuralları içerisinde birkaç hüküm bulunsa dahi uluslararası tahkim hukukunda ispat yükü ve şartına ilişkin bağlayıcı ve genel kabul görmüş kural eksikliği mevcuttur. Buna ek olarak, ICSID Konvansiyonunda da ispat yükü ve ispat şartlarının taraflar arasında nasıl tahsil edileceğine ilişkin bir kural bulunmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda söz konusu ispat yükü ve ispat şartı kurumlarının uluslararası yatırım hukukunda nasıl uygulandığının incelenmesi yolsuzluk gibi ciddi tahkikat gerektiren hususlarda uyuşmazlık çözümü için önem arz etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Born G, International Commercial Arbitration (Kluwer Law International 2014)
  • Kaufmann-Kohler GA Rigozzi, International Arbitration (Oxford University Press 2015)
  • Kazazi M, Burden of Proof and Related Issues (Kluwer Law International 1996)
  • Lew J, L Mistelis, S Kröll, Comparative International Commercial Arbitration (Kluwer Law International 2003)
  • Llamzon A, Corruption in International Investment Arbitration (Oxford University Press 2014)
  • O'Malley N, Rules of Evidence In International Arbitration (Taylor and Francis 2013)
  • Rubino-Sammartano M, International Arbitration Law and Practice (3rd edn, Juris Publishing 2014)
  • Uluc I, Corruption in International Arbitration (Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing 2018)
  • Alexandrov SA, 'Corruption in International Investment Arbitration.' (2015) 109(3) Am J Int'l L 702
  • Alfredo RM, ‘Non Liquet: From Modern Law to Roman Law.’ (1974) 9 Isr. L. Rev. 63
  • Andreas R, ‘Burden and general standards of proof.’ (1994) 10(3) Arb. Int’l 330.
  • Blavi F and Vial G, 'The Burden of Proof in International Commercial Arbitration: Are We Allowed to Adjust the Scales.' (2016) 39(1) Hastings Int'l & Comp L Rev 41
  • Brower CN, 'Evidence before International Tribunals: The Need for Some Standard Rules.' (1994) 28(1) Int'l L 47
  • Carreteiro M, ‘Burden and Standard of Proof in International Arbitration: Proposed Guidelines for Promoting Predictability.’ (2016) Ano XIII Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 83
  • Clermont KM and Sherwin E, 'A Comparative View of Standards of Proof.' (2002) 50(2) Am J Comp L 243
  • Foster CE, 'Burden of Proof in International Courts and Tribunals.' (2010) 29 Aust YBIL 27
  • Fleming JJ, ‘Burdens of Proof.’ (1961) 47 Va. L. Rev. 51
  • Gabriel P,’ Burden of Proof And Standard Of Proof In Civil Litigation’ (2013) 25 SAcLJ 130
  • Macnair MRT, ‘The Law of Proof in Early Modern Equity, Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History.’ (1999) Band 20, Duncker & Humblot, 322
  • Mann F. A, State Contracts and International Arbitration [1967] (Brit. YB Int’l L Vol 42) 1
  • Meshel T, ‘The Use and Misuse of the Corruption Defence in International Investment Arbitration.’ (2013) 30 J. Int. Arb. 3
  • Moloo R, Lamm CB and Pham HT, 'Fraud and Corruption in International Arbitration' (TDM, 2018)
  • Pietrowski R, ‘Evidence in International Arbitration’ (2006) 22 Arb. Int'l 264
  • Taruffo M, 'Rethinking the Standards of Proof.' (2003) 51(3) Am J Comp L 659
  • Taruffo M, ‘Admission and presentation of evidence.’ (2004) BIICL 173
  • Waincymer J, ‘Procedure and evidence in international arbitration.’ (2012) Hague: Kluwer L. Int’l 761.
  • William Fox, Adjudicating Bribery and Corruption Issues in International Commercial Arbitration, (2009) 27 J. Energy & Nat. Resources L. 487
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Metincan Kaban 0000-0001-6617-1767

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaban, M. (2022). Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(1), 391-401.
AMA Kaban M. Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration. PPIL. Haziran 2022;42(1):391-401.
Chicago Kaban, Metincan. “Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42, sy. 1 (Haziran 2022): 391-401.
EndNote Kaban M (01 Haziran 2022) Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42 1 391–401.
IEEE M. Kaban, “Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration”, PPIL, c. 42, sy. 1, ss. 391–401, 2022.
ISNAD Kaban, Metincan. “Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42/1 (Haziran 2022), 391-401.
JAMA Kaban M. Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration. PPIL. 2022;42:391–401.
MLA Kaban, Metincan. “Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, c. 42, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 391-0.
Vancouver Kaban M. Application of The Burden and Standard of Proof in Corruption Allegations Under ICSID Arbitration. PPIL. 2022;42(1):391-40.