Açık Denizlerin Korunması ve Deniz Koruma Alanları

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 81 - 120, 29.06.2022

Sercan Reçber

https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.981605

Abstract

İnsanlardan kaynaklanan faaliyetler sonucunda okyanuslarda önemli oranda kirlenme ve yıkım oluşmuştur. Bu geniş ekosistem içerisinde insan kaynaklı kirlenmenin, yıkımın ve iklim değişikliğinin boyutları okyanus yaşamı ve onunla bağlantılı olarak yeryüzündeki yaşam üzerinde büyük bir tehlike oluşturmaktadır. Gerekli koruma faaliyetleri yapılmadığı sürece bu etkinin artması kaçınılmazdır. Bu bağlamda deniz çevresinin korunması kavramı son otuz yıl içerisinde önemli bir dönüşüm geçirmiştir. Kirliliğin önlenmesi ve kontrolüne odaklanan geleneksel yaklaşımın yerine büyük ölçüde daha geniş bir koruma yaklaşımını içerisinde barındıran, her bir deniz alanının kendine özgü niteliklerini dikkate alan bütün bir deniz ekosisteminin korunmasını amaçlayan ekosistem temelli bir yaklaşım ön plandadır. Devletlerin kendi deniz ülkelerinin deniz çevresinin korunmasına yönelik düzenlemelerle bu alanlara yönelik koruyucu tedbirler aldıkları görülmekle birlikte, kendi ulusal yargı yetkilerinin dışındaki açık deniz alanlarında bu korumanın yetersiz olduğu görülmektedir. Deniz yaşamına yönelik karşılaşılan bu sorunların çözümü noktasında kapsamı ve büyüklüğü farklı olmakla birlikte deniz koruma alanları bu işlevin yerine getirilmesi noktasında önemlidir. Deniz koruma alanlarının öncelikli hedefi okyanuslardaki biyolojik çeşitliliğinin korunmasıdır. Deniz koruma alanları bilim insanları tarafından, ilgili deniz alanının özelliklerinin dikkate alınarak, koruma alanının uygun bir şekilde planlanması ve etkili bir şekilde yönetilmesi halinde hassas ekosistemlerin korunması açısından uygun araçlar olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda Dünya’nın en büyük ortak kullanım alanı olan açık denizler konusunda çok daha etkin koruma rejimlerinin oluşturulması, yaşanan ve ileride yaşanılacak yıkım düşünüldüğünde acil bir sorun olarak insanlığın karşısında durmaktadır.

Keywords

Açık Denizler, Deniz Çevresi, Deniz Koruma Alanları, Ekosistem Yaklaşımı, Biyolojik Çeşitlilik

Protection of the High Seas and Marine Protected Areas

Abstract

Significant pollution and destruction have taken place in the oceans as a result of human activities. Human-induced pollution in this vast ecosystem, destruction and dimensions of climate change pose a great danger to ocean life and thus life on earth. It is inevitable that this effect will increase unless the necessary measures are taken. The concept of protection of the marine environment has undergone a significant transformation in the last three decades. An approach that includes a broader conservation approach, takes into account the unique characteristics of each marine area, and aims to protect the entire marine ecosystem, is adopted. Although it is seen that the states are taking protective measures for these areas with the regulations for the protection of the environments of their own marine territory, these measures appear to be insufficient in offshore areas outside the states’ national jurisdictions. When it comes to solving these problems for marine life, marine protection areas are important in terms of fulfilling this function, although their scope and size differ. Marine protection areas are considered by scientists as suitable tools for the protection of sensitive ecosystems in the case of appropriate planning and effective management of the protected area, taking into account the characteristics of the marine area concerned. The creation of much more effective protection regimes on the high seas which are the world’s largest communal area, stands before humanity as an urgent problem, considering the current and future destruction going on.

Keywords

High Seas, Marine Environment, Marine Protected Areas, Ecosystem Approach, Biodiversity

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