Does COVID 19 have an effect on pancreatic damage in children?

Abstract

With the increase in the number of patients affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19), the disease appears with different involvements. Gastrointestinal (GI) involvements are also atypical involvements seen in both adults and children. Some cases may even present with only GI involvement without any pulmonary involvement. Although mild effects were reported in pediatric cases at first, an increasing number of complicated COVID 19 infected pediatric cases have been reported globally. In this review study, it was aimed to review the effect of COVID 19 on pancreatic damage in children, accompanied by literature.

Keywords

• COVID 19
• SARS COV 2
• pancreas
• gastrointestinal involvement
• child

Çocuklarda pankreas hasarında COVID 19’un etkisi var mı?

Abstract

Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019(COVID 19) etkilenen hasta sayısının artması ile birlikte hastalık farklı tutulumlarla karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Gastrointestinal (Gİ) tutulumlar da, gerek erişkinde gerek çocuklarda görülen atipik tutulumlardandır. Hatta bazı olgular, hiçbir pulmoner tutulum olmadan sadece Gİ tutulumla bile başvurabilmektedir. Çocuk vakalarda ilk zamanlarda hafif etkilenme olduğu bildirilmiş olsa da, artan sayıda komplike COVID 19 enfekte çocuk olgular da global olarak bildirilmeye başlamıştır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, çocuklarda pankreas hasarında COVID 19’un etkisinin litaretür eşliğinde gözden geçirilmesi amaçlandı.

Keywords

• COVID 19
• SARS COV 2
• pankreas
• gastrointestinal tutulum
• çocuk

References

1. 1. Kutlu O, Bilgiç Y, Bahri E, Atayan Y, Çağın YF. Alkolik olmayan yağlı karaciğer hastalığı rekürren akut pankreatit için bir risk faktörü müdür? Fırat Tıp Derg. 2020;25(3):135-139.
2. 2. Tuluce ME, Barutcu A, Yavuz S, Agin M, Cetiner S, Tumgor G. Evaluation of pancreatic functions in cases of primary and secondary malnutrition. Minerva Pediatrica. 2020 Nov. DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.20.06028-4. PMID: 33182995.
3. 3. Dindar Demiray EK, Yılmaz M, Alıravcı ID, Alkan S. COVID-19-Akut Pankreatit İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021; (13): 130-143.
4. 4. Tatlısuluoğlu D, Bulut K, Öztaş A, Ünsel M, Turan G. Hipertrigliseridemiye bağlı akut pankreatitte lipid aferezinin rolü. Troia Med J. 2021; 2(2): 19-21.
5. 5. Rawla P, Bandaru SS, Vellipuram AR. Review of infectious etiology of acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Res. 2017;10:153–158.
6. 6. Alkan S, Yılmaz M, Uyar C, Yıldırım A, Dindar Demiray EK. COVID 19 Pnömonisi Olan Bir Hastada Olası Akut Pankreatit. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi. 2021; 12(43): 136-139.
7. 7. Patel KP, Patel PA, Vunnam RR, Hewlett AT, Jain R, Jing R, et al. Gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic manifestations of COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2020 Jul;128:104386. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104386.
8. 8. Wang F, Wang H, Fan J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhao Q. Pancreatic Injury Patterns in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 19 Pneumonia. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):367-370. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.055.

9. 9. Samies NL, Yarbrough A, Boppana S. Pancreatitis in Pediatric Patients With COVID-19. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021;10(1):57-59. doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa125
10. 10. Bircakova B, Bruha R, Lambert L, Grusova G, Michalek P, Burgetova A. A bimodal pattern of the onset of COVID-19 related acute pancreatitis supports both the cytotoxic and immune-related pathogenesis - a systematic review. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jul;56(7):870-873. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1922751.
11. 11. Aloysius MM, Thatti A, Gupta A, Sharma N, Bansal P, Goyal H. COVID-19 presenting as acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2020;20(5):1026-1027. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.05.003.
12. 12. Alkan Çeviker S, Dindar Demiray E K. SARS-CoV-2 (COVİD 19 ) Enfeksiyonu Ayırıcı Tanı Açısından Diğer Solunumsal Virüsler. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research. 2020; 4: 45-49.
13. 13. McNabb-Baltar J, Jin DX, Grover AS, et al. Lipase Elevation in Patients with COVID-19. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(8):1286-1288. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000732.
14. 14. Liu F, Long X, Zhang B, et al. ACE2 expression in pancreas may cause pancreatic damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:2128–2130.
15. 15. Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, et al. COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020.
16. 16. Hadi A, Werge M, Kristiansen KT, Pedersen UG, Karstensen JG, Novovic S, Gluud LL. Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) associated with severe acute pancreatitis: Case report on three family members. Pancreatology. 2020 Jun;20(4):665-667. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.04.021.
17. 17. Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, Berg M, Queen R, Litvinukova M, et al; HCA Lung Biological Network. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nat Med. 2020 May;26(5):681-687. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0868-6.
18. 18. Spinelli A, Pellino G. COVID‐19 pandemic: perspectives on an unfolding crisis. Br J Surg. 2020;107:785–787.
19. 19. Pezzilli R, Centanni S, Mondoni M, et al. Patients with COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia exhibit pancreatic hyperenzymemia and not acute pancreatitis. Res Square. 2020. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-50275/v1.
20. 20. Brat GA, Weber GM, Gehlenborg N, et al. International electronic health record-derived COVID-19 clinical course profiles: the 4CE Consortium. medRxiv 30 Apr 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.20059691.
21. 21. Gupta V. COVID-19 and Acute Pancreatitis: What Do Surgeons Need to Know? Indian J Surg. 2020 Jun 5:1-4. doi: 10.1007/s12262-020-02447-w. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32837065; PMCID: PMC7272589.
22. 22. Cheung KS, Hung IF, Chan PP, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus load in fecal samples from the Hong Kong cohort and systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2020;S0016-5085:30448-0. Epub ahead of print.
23. 23. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics 2020;145:E20200702.
24. 24. Rohani P, Ahmadi Badi S, Moshiri A, Siadat SD. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pediatric gastroenterology. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2020 Fall;13(4):351-354. PMID: 33244377; PMCID: PMC7682976.
25. 25. Samies NL, Yarbrough A, Boppana S. Pancreatitis in Pediatric Patients With COVID-19. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021 Feb 13;10(1):57-59. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa125. PMID: 33075134; PMCID: PMC7665681.
26. 26. Alloway BC, Yaeger SK, Mazzaccaro RJ, Villalobos T, Hardy SG. Suspected case of COVID-19- associated pancreatitis in a child. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(8):1309-12.
27. 27. Stevens JP, Brownell JN, Freeman AJ, Bashaw H. COVID-19-associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Presenting as Acute Pancreatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020 Nov;71(5):669-671. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002860.
28. 28. Abbas M, Törnhage CJ. Family Transmission of COVID-19 Including a Child with MIS-C and Acute Pancreatitis. Int Med Case Rep J. 2021 Feb 5;14:55-65. doi: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S284480.
29. 29. Aslan N, Yildizdas D, Sinanoglu MS. A Pediatric COVID19 Case with Suspected Acute Abdomen, Hyperferritinemic Sepsis and Developing MIS-C and Pancreatitis. Indian J Pediatr. 2021 Mar;88(3):288. doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03544-0.
30. 30. Bineshfar N, Mirahmadi A, Karbasian F, Pourbakhtyaran E, Karimi A, Sarafi M. Acute Pancreatitis as a Possible Unusual Manifestation of COVID-19 in Children. Case Rep Pediatr. 2021 Feb 2;2021:6616211. doi: 10.1155/2021/6616211.
31. 31. Saleh NY, Aboelghar HM, Salem SS, Ibrahem RA, Khalil FO, Abdelgawad AS, et al. The severity and atypical presentations of COVID-19 infection in pediatrics. BMC Pediatr. 2021 Mar 25;21(1):144. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02614-2.
32. 32. Gümüştekin R, Ergani AC, Gümüş M, Emiroğlu HH. COVID-19 ve Pankreas. Pediatric Practice and Research. 2021; 9(1): 50-53.